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Physiology Ch. 3
Energy, Chemical Rxns, Cellular Resp
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| All living things require energy to (6): | Power muscle, pump blood, absorb nutrients, respirate, synthesize molecules, establish cellular ion concentrations |
| ATP | Center ribose attached to adenine with a string of three phosphate groups |
| Energy | Capacity to do work |
| Potential energy | Stored energy in bonds |
| Kinetic energy | Energy of motion, converted from potential to do work |
| Chemical energy | One form of potential energy stored in bonds and released when they are broken. Includes triglycerides, ATP, and glucose. |
| Electrical energy | Type of kinetic energy from the movement of charged particles, usually across the plasma membrane |
| Mechanical energy | Type of kinetic energy of objects in motion due to applied force (muscle contraction for walking) |
| Sound energy | Type of kinetic energy from molecule compression caused by vibrating object |
| Radient energy | Type of kinetic energy from electromagnetic waves, produces heat, which is usually useless |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | Energy can't be created/destroyed |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | When E transforms some is lost as heat |
| Decomposition reaction | AB -> A + B Catabolism, hydrolysis |
| Synthesis reaction | A + B -> AB Anabolism, dehydration synthesis |
| Exchange reaction | AB + C -> A + BC ATP production |
| Redox reaction | OILRIG |
| Enzymes | Catalysts in our body which lower activation energy. |
| Substrates | Reactant that bonds to enzyme |
| Cofactors | Certain small molecules some enzymes require to function. Metal ions and organix molecules. |
| Coenzymes | Organic cofactors |
| Human enzymes work best at ___ degrees C. | 37 |
| Inhibitors | Bind to enzymes and prevent enzyme bonding |
| Competitive inhibitor | Competes for occupation of active site of enzyme |
| Noncompetitive inhibitor | Bind to different site than the active site to cause a change so substrate can't bind. Isn't influenced by conc of substrate |
| Cellular Respiration | Glycolysis -> Intermediate cycle -> Krebs cycle -> Electron transport chain |
| Glycolysis | Anerobic (No O2 needed). Occurs in cytosol, converts 1 6C glucose to 2 pyruvates, producing 2 new ATP and 2 NADH. - if no O2, pyruvate converts to lactic acid - if O2, pyruvate goes to mitochondria |
| Cristae | Inner membrane folds of mitochondria |
| Matrix | Innermost space of mitochondria, where all cellular respiration except glycolysis occurs |
| Intermediate stage | Hooks on enzyme Acetyl CoA |
| Krebs cycle | Occurs in mitochondria and needs O2. Acetyl CoA is initial substrate, makes 2Co2 and 1CoA. 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 formed per cycle It takes 2 cycles per glucose molecule. |
| Electron transport chain | Occurs in inner mitochondrial cristae. 2NADH release 2 electrons which push H+ across mem to form conc. gradient. - O2 is final electron acceptor, accepts electron and 2H+ to make H2O - ATP synthase used mechanical kinetic energy to make ATP |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | Occurs in electron transport chain, as ATP is made as ATP synthase spins |
| Beta oxidation | Occurs with O2, when fatty acid loses 2C to add to Krebs cycle via Acetyl CoA. |
| Cellular Respiration produces around ___ to ___ ATP total. | 32, 34 |
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RunningMads
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