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J277 Paper 2
Full Paper 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Decomposition | Breaking down a complex problem into smaller more manageable chunks and solving them individually |
| Abstraction | Picking out the important bits of information and ignoring details that don't matter |
| Algorithm | A set of steps to solve a problem |
| Algorithmic Thinking | Creating a set of steps which can be followed to solve a problem |
| Input | Information or data entered into a computer or system. |
| Output | Information or data produced or generated by a computer or system |
| Process | A set of steps performed to achieve a result. |
| Structure Diagram | A visual representation of the components and relationships of a system |
| Pseudocode | Writing in a simplified programming language, used to describe algorithms |
| Flow chart | A visual method of representing an algorithm or process |
| Logic errors | When the program will run but not do what it is supposed to do |
| Syntax error | A type of error where the program won't run and occurs due to not meeting the rules of the programming language |
| Trace Table | A table used to track the contents of variable and analyse the execution of code |
| Normal Test data | Test data that represents the normal or expected input e.g. John when asking for name |
| Bubble sort | Sorting algorithm that goes through a list of data comparing 2 values at a time and either swapping them, or leaving them in position. Often needs multiple passes |
| Merge sort | Sorting algorithm which repeatedly splits the data until all singular items, then repeatedly merges them into the right order in pairs, fours, then eights etc. |
| Insertion sort | Where the items are inserted one at a time into the correct positions in the list. |
| Binary Search | A search algorithm that splits a sorted list in half, removes the unwanted list and repeats until the item is found |
| Linear Search | A search algorithm that checks each element in a list in sequence |
| Iteration | A programming construct in which a group of statements is executed repeatedly |
| Sequence | A programming construct where a set of instructions is executed in order |
| Selection | A programming construct in which a choice or decision is made |
| Variable | A value stored in memory that can change while a program runs |
| Constant | A value stored in memory that cannot change while a program runs |
| Syntax | The rules of a coding language; the way it is set out and written |
| Assignment | The process of setting the value of a variable |
| Comparison operator | Operators for comparing two values like ==,>,<,<=,>= |
| Arithmetic operator | Operators for mathematical operations like +,–,*,/,MOD,DIV |
| Assignment operator | Used to assign a value to a variable using a single = symbol |
| Boolean operator | Operators for logical operations like AND,OR,NOT |
| Operator | Part of the instruction that tells the CPU what to do |
| Count controlled loop | A type of loop that repeats a set number of times e.g. a for loop |
| Condition controlled loop | A type of loop that repeats when a certain condition is met e.g. a while loop |
| Integer | Data type used for positive and negative whole numbers e.g. 5, 10, –3 |
| Boolean | A data type that only stores one of two values e.g. True or False |
| String | Data type that can be used to store any combination of alphanumeric data |
| Float | Numerical data which contains decimal numbers e.g. 3.14 |
| Real | Numerical data which contains decimal numbers e.g. 3.14 |
| Character | A data type used for storing a single alphabetic or numeric character |
| Casting | Converting one data type to another e.g. int() |
| Array | Data structure used to store multiple values in a single variable |
| String Manipulation | Performing operations on strings, such as concatenation or substring extraction |
| File Handling | Opening, then Reading/Writing and closing a file. |
| Records | A collection of related data or information stored together. |
| Structured Query Language (SQL) | A programming language for managing databases e.g. SELECT * FROM students WHERE name = Dave"" |
| 1–Dimensional Array | A data structure that stores elements in a linear sequence e.g. a list |
| 2–Dimensional Array | A data structure that stores elements in a two–dimensional grid e.g. a table |
| Function | Type of reusable subprogram which always returns a value |
| Procedure | Type of reusable subprogram which does not return a value |
| Sub–program | A program called within a larger program e.g. a function or procedure |
| Comments | Useful for explaining what the key features of a program are and to help programmers understand what to do |
| Indentation | Used to separate different statements in a program. For example, the code within a loop, or a selection statement |
| Input sanitisation | Removing any unwanted characters before data through the program |
| Input validation | Checking if data meets certain criteria before passing it into the program |
| Whitelist | A list of all data that a program should accept– any data that isn't on the whitelist will be rejected |
| Blacklist | A list of the data that a program should reject – any data that isn't on the blacklist will be accepted |
| Defensive design | Helps to ensure programs function properly with clever design |
| Authentication | Can confirm the identity of a user before they're allowed to access certain pieces of data or features of the program. |
| Maintainability | Making code easily to read and follow e.g. using comments, indentation and sensible variable names |
| Anticipating misuse | Identifying and preparing for potential incorrect or unintended usage of a program e.g. false inputs |
| Naming conventions | Agreed guidelines for naming variables and functions |
| Boundary Test Data | Data that is at or on the edge of the allowed values |
| Valid Test Data | Data that is within the required range, as expected by the program |
| Erroneous Test Data | Data that is in the wrong format and should be rejected by the program |
| Invalid | Data that is outside of the required range, and should be appropriately dealt with |
| Syntax errors | When the translator doesn't understand something you've typed |
| Logic errors | When the program will run but not do what it is supposed to do |
| Iterative Testing | Testing approach that involves repeating tests and making improvements as you go |
| Final Testing | Testing a program once completed, to ensure everything works |
| Truth Table | A table used to display the outputs of a logical gate or circuit for every possible input |
| AND logic | A logical operation that returns true only if both inputs are true |
| OR logic | A logical operation that returns true if at least one input is true |
| NOT logic | A logical operation that reverses the value of an input |
| Interpreter | Utility which coverts high level code into low level code, one line at a time |
| Machine code | Binary instructions used by the CPU |
| Assembler | Utility which converts low level code into machine code |
| Translator | Name for any utility which converts one programming language into another |
| Compiler | Utility which coverts high level code into low level code, whole blocks of code at a time |
| High–level language | Problem–based programming languages which are similar to natural languages |
| Low–level language | A programming language that is close to machine code instructions e.g. assembly language |
| Error diagnostics | Software feature used by developers to help detects bugs in the source code |
| Run time environment | Software feature which allows code to be run without being compiled |
| Integrated Development Environment (IDE) | Software which provides a number of dedicated tools for software developers |
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