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N+ 1.Concepts
1 > Networking Concepts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 802.11 | Wireless LAN |
| NAS | Network Attached Storage - file level access |
| MPLS | Multiprotocol Label Switching |
| mGRE | Multipoint Generic Router Encapsulation |
| DMVPN | Dynamic Multipoint VPN - common on CISCO routers |
| SD-WAN | Software Defined Networking in a WAN - WAN built for the cloud |
| SAN | Storage Area Network - block level access - very efficient reading and writing |
| Demarcation Point | Point where you connect with the outside world |
| NIU | Network Interface Unit - device that determines the demarc |
| NFV | Network Function Virtualization |
| VMM | Virtual Machine Manager - manages the virtual platform and guest operating systems |
| vSwitch | Virtual Switch |
| vNIC | Virtual Network Interface Card |
| 1000BASE-T | CAT5e 100m |
| 10GBASE-T CAT6(a) | CAT6 Unshielded - 55m Shielded - 100m |
| 10GBASE-T CAT7 | 100m Unshielded only |
| 40GBASE-T CAT8 | 30m Shielded only |
| RG-6 | TV, high speed Internet |
| Coaxial Cables | Two or more forms share a common axis |
| Twinaxial Cable | Two inner conductors - 10Gb Ethernet SFP+ cables Full duplex Five metres Low cost |
| T568A GBOB | Green Blue Orange Brown |
| T568B OBGB | Orange Blue Green Brown |
| MMF | Multimode Fibre - short range up to 2km |
| SMF | Single-mode Fibre - long range - up to 100km |
| LC | Local Connector |
| ST | Straight Tip |
| SC | Subscriber Connector |
| MT-RJ | Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack |
| UPC | Ultra-polished Connector |
| APC | Angle-polished Connector |
| RJ11 | Registered Jack type 11 Telephone and DSL |
| RJ45 | Registered Jack type 45 Modular Ethernet |
| F-connector | Cable TV, Modem |
| Media Converter | OSI 1 Physical Layer signal conversion |
| Transceiver | Transmitter and Receiver |
| SFP | Small Form-Factor Pluggable - commonly used to provide 1Gb/s fibre |
| SFP+ | Enhanced SFP - up to 16Gb/s |
| QSFP | Quad SFP - 4 channel SFP - 40Gbps |
| 110 Block | Wire-to-wire patch panel |
| WDM | Wavelength-Division Multiplexing - bidirectional communication over a single strand of fibre |
| SWDM | Coarse WDM 10GBASE |
| DWDM | Dense WDM increase to 1.6Tb/s |
| Subnet Mask | Used by local device to determine what subnet it's on |
| Default Gateway e.g. 192.168.1.1 | Router that allows you to communicate outside of your local subnet DG must be an IP address on the local subnet |
| Loopback Address | An address to yourself Ranges from 127.0.0.1 through 127.255.255.254 Easy way to self-reference (ping 127.0.0.1) |
| Reserved Addresses | Set aside for future use or testing 240.0.0.1 to 254.255.255.254 Class "E" addresses |
| Virtual IP Addresses (VIP) | Not associated with a physical network adapter Virtual machine, internal router address |
| DHCP | Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 67/68 IP address, subnet mask, gateway, DNS servers, NTP servers etc. |
| APIPA | Automatic Private IP Addressing - a link-local address - can only communicate to other local devices - no forwarding by routers 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254 |
| NAT | Network Address Translation Translates from private IP to public IP and back in Router 10.10.20.50 > 94.1.1.1 |
| Private IP Class A | 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 |
| Private IP Class B | 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 |
| Private IP Class C | 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 |
| PAT | Port Address Translation Translates random private IP port number 10.10.20.50:3233 > 94.1.1.1:1055 |
| Unicast | One to One Web surfing, file transfers |
| Broadcast | One to all Routing updates, ARP requests Not used in IPv6 |
| Multicast | One to many of many Multimedia delivery, stock exchanges, dynamic routing updates IPv4 and 6 |
| Anycast | Single destination IP address has multiple paths to two or more endpoints One-to-many-of-many IPv4 and 6 |
| IP Class A | 1-127 |
| IP Class B | 128-191 |
| IP Class C | 192-233 |
| IP Class D | 224-239 |
| VLSM | Variable Length Subnet Masks Allows network admins to define their own masks |
| Internet Protocol Encapsulation | Ethernet Header IP TCP TCP Payload Ethernet Trailer |
| TCP | Transmission Control Protocol Connection oriented |
| UDP | User Datagram Protocol Conncetionless |
| Non-ephemeral ports | 0-1023 |
| Ephemeral ports | 1024-65535 |
| Are TCP port numbers the same as UDP port numbers? | NO |
| ICMP | Internet control Message Protocol "text messaging" for your network devices |
| GRE | Generic Routing Encapsulation the tunnel between two endpoints |
| IPSec | Internet Protocol Security = security for OSI 3 - Authentication header AH - Encapsulation Security Payload ESP |
| AH | Authentication Header - hash of the the packet and a shared key - adds the AH to packet header |
| ESP | Encapsulation Security Payload - encrypts the packet - adds a header, a trailer, and an Integrity Check Value |
| DHCP Steps | 1. Discover 2. Offer 3. Request 4. Acknowledgement |
| DCHP Relay / IP Helper | Tells router if it ever receives a message for DHCP, pls transfer that message to the DHCP server located at... |
| DHCP Scope | - IP address range and excluded addresses - Subnet mask - Lease durations - Other options: DNS server, default gateway, VOIP servers |
| DHCP Pool | Grouping of IP addresses Each subnet has its own scope |
| DHCP Dynamic Assignment | DHCP server has a big pool of addresses to give out Addresses are reclaimed after a lease period |
| DHCP Automatic Assigment | Similar to dynamic DHCP server keeps a list of past assignments You'll always get the same IP address |
| DHCP Address Allocation | Static assignment - admin configured Table of MAC address - each MAC address has a matching IP address |
| DNS | Domain Name Service Human > computer > human |
| FQDN | Fully Qualified Domain Name |
| Internal DNS | - managed on internal servers - configured and maintained by the local team - contains DNS info about internal devices - DNS service on Windows Server |
| External DNS | - often managed by a third party - does not have internal device infor - Google DNS, etc |
| Recursive DNS Queries | - delegate the lookup to a DNS server - server does the work and reports back - large DNS cache provides speed advantage |
| Iterative Queries | - do all of the queries yourself - your DNS cache is specific to you |
| A Record | Address record Defines the IP address of a host |
| CNAME Record | Canonical Name Records - a name is an alias of another, canonical name -- one physical server, multiple services e.g. chat, ftp, www |
| SRV Record | Service Records - Find a specific service -- where is the Windows Domain Controller? -- Where is the VoIP controller? etc |
| NS Record | Name Server Records - list the name servers for a domain -- NS records point to the name of the server |
| PTR Record | The reverse of an A record - added to the reverse map zone file -- IP comes back as FQDN |
| TXT Record | Human readable text info - useful public info |
| Zone Transfer | Replicate a DNS db - the primary DNS server has the primary copy of the zone info - synchronize to a secondary server -- provide redundancy -triggered by referencing a serial number --full zone transfers can be a security risk |
| Three-tier Architecture | Core - "centre" of the network Distribution - midpoint b/n the core and the users Access - where the users connect |
| SDN | Software Defined Networking - Infrastructure layer / Data plane -- Network traffic - Control layer / Control plane -- Dynamic routing protocols - Application layer / Management plane --SSH, SNMP, API |
| Traffic Flows | Traffic flows within a data centre East-West - traffic between devices in the same data centre North-South - ingress/egress to an outside device |
| FC | Fibre Channel - connect servers to storage |
| FCoE | Fibre Channel over and Ethernet Network |
| iSCI | Internet Small Computer Systems Inteface - send SCSI commands over an IP network - makes a remote disk look and operate like a local disk |
| IaaS | Infrastructure as a service - you're still responsible for the management and security |
| SaaS | On-demand software - no local installation - central management of data and applications |
| PaaS | Platform as a service - no servers, no software, no maintenance team, no HVAC |
| DaaS | Desktop as a service - basic application usage - VDI |
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jwjwj
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