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PathoPhys
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| leukemia classification | cancer of blood-forming tissues acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), (2) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), (3) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and (4) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). classified based a cells present. determined by where started. Lymph |
| Virchow triad | risk for developing spontaneous thrombi is related to several factors, referred to as the Virchow triad: (1) injury to the blood vessel endothelium, (2) abnormalities of blood flow, and (3) hypercoagulability of the blood. |
| Atherosclerosis | characterized by plaques containing lipids, cholesterol, calcium, macrophages, and other substances. The coronary and carotid arteries are particularly prone to plaques. Their presence in these vessels can result in myocardial infarction and stroke |
| Compare and contrast thrombus and emboli | venous thrombus is blood clot that forms in vein. embolus is anything that moves through blood vessels until reaches vessel that is too small to pass. When this happens, the blood flow is stopped by the embolus. embolus is often a small piece of a blo |
| Laboratory tests to evaluate disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC | d dimer** Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromoplastin Time (APTT), Fibrinogen, D-Dimer, and Platelet Count. |
| Shift-to-the-left phenomena | differential WBC count means numbers of neutrophil precursors, are present ; a term that denotes an increase in the ratio of immature to mature neutrophils; the more mature cells were plotted on the right, and the less mature cells were plotted on the le |
| Pathophysiology of polycythemia | |
| Clinical manifestations and evaluation of multiple myeloma, leukemias, and Burkitt lymphoma | |
| General pathophysiology of leukemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, essential thrombocythemia, hemochromatosis | |
| Clinical presentation of lymphoma | |
| Pathophysiology of lymphoblastic lymphoma and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | |
| Pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma | |
| Risk factors associated with non-Hodgkins lymphoma | |
| Pathophysiology and lab findings associated with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) | |
| Pathophysiology and monitoring of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | |
| Cause and general pathophysiology of different types of anemia (pernicious anemia) | |
| Classification of anemias | |
| Define valvular stenosis | |
| Aortic stenosis | |
| Primary and Secondary Hypertension | |
| Coronary artery disease risk | |
| Define orthostatic hypotension | |
| Complicated hypertension including Table 26.2 | |
| Myocardial ischemia | |
| Hypoxemia - including causes of low and high ventilation-perfusion ratios (V̇/Q̇) | |
| Define clubbing | |
| Define dyspnea and orthopnea | |
| Pathophysiology of cor pulmonale. Figure 29.18 | |
| Risk & clinical manifestation of lung cancer | |
| Pathophysiology of ARDS | |
| Chronic bronchitis | |
| Deep vein thrombosis | |
| Pulmonary embolism | |
| Hemoptysis | |
| Pathophysiology of tuberculosis | |
| Hypocapnia | |
| Hypercapnia | |
| Pneumothorax | |
| Flail chest | |
| Empyema | |
| Adenocarcinoma | |
| Small cell lung carcinoma | |
| Alveolar dead space | |
| Pulsus paradoxus | |
| Restrictive versus obstructive lung disease | |
| Define hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and ureterohydronephrosis | |
| Postobstructive diuresis | |
| Overactive bladder syndrome | |
| Neurogenic bladder | |
| Cystitis | |
| Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) – cause (including pathogens), diagnosis and treatment | |
| Acute and Chronic pyelonephritis | |
| Glomerulonephritis | |
| Kidney stones | |
| Primary vs Secondary amenorrhea | |
| Risk factors for endometrial cancer | |
| Prostate cancer - major risk factors | |
| Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome | |
| Precocious puberty, delayed puberty | |
| Hydrocele, spermatocele, varicocele | |
| Galactorrhea | |
| Adenomyosis | |
| Leiomyoma (uterine fibroids) | |
| Endometrial polyps | |
| Endometriosis | |
| Gynecomastia | |
| Balanitis | |
| Cryptorchidism | |
| Phimosis | |
| Pancreatitis | |
| Chronic pancreatitis | |
| Small bowel obstruction | |
| Paralytic ileus | |
| Peptic ulcer disease | |
| Constipation | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease: Crohn disease vs Ulcerative colitis | |
| Portal hypertension | portal vein obstruction; abnormally high blood pressure in the portal venous system caused by resistance to blood flow |
| Types of abdominal pain: parietal, visceral, and referred | |
| Liver cirrhosis | Scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue and prevents your liver from working normally |
| Colorectal cancer | Epigenetic alteration of gene |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disorder; reflux of acid and pepsin or bile salts from the stomach into the esophagus, causing esophagitis |
| Types of fractures | complete or incomplete and as open or closed; open (formerly referred to as compound) if the skin is open and closed (formerly called simple or incomplete) if it is not. A fracture in which a bone breaks into more than two fragments is termed a comminuted |
| Osteoporosis | described as decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and an increased risk of fractures because of alterations in bone microarchitecture. It is a complex, multifactorial, chronic disease that often progresses silently for decades until fractures occur. |
| Osteomyelitis | bone infection most often caused by bacteria; however, fungi, parasites, and viruses also can cause bone infection |
| Different types of muscular dystrophy (Duchenne, Myotonic, Facioscapulohumeral) | |
| Gout | very common and painful disorder, results from disturbances in urate metabolism. It occurs secondary to hyperuricemia where sodium urate crystals are deposited into tissues. |
| Rhabdomyolysis | rapid breakdown of muscle that causes the release of intracellular contents, including the protein pigment myoglobin, into the extracellular space and bloodstream |
| Compartment syndrome | painful and dangerous condition caused by pressure buildup from internal bleeding or swelling of tissues. The pressure decreases blood flow, depriving muscles and nerves of needed nourishment. Symptoms may include severe pain, sensation of pins and nee |
| Osteomalacia | metabolic disease characterized by inadequate and delayed mineralization of osteoid in mature compact and spongy bone; mineral calcification and deposition do not occur. |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | |
| Osteoarthritis |
Created by:
jenlie
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