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Final
Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The contraction of the uterus during the birth of a baby is an example of _____ feedback. | positive |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | viruses. |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | Tapeworms |
| Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. | occurrence distribution transmission All of the above are corre |
| Intrinsic control: | is sometimes called autoregulation. |
| Homeostasis can best be described as: | a state of relative constancy. |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms: | minimize changes in blood glucose levels. maintain homeostasis. are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature. All of the above are correct. |
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions? | Oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions. |
| Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | autoimmunity. |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body. | glycogen |
| The basic building blocks of fats are: | fatty acids and glycerol. |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis. |
| DNA: | is a double-helix strand of nucleotides. |
| If one side of a DNA molecule is CTAGGCTG, the other side would be: | GATCCGAC. |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called | essential amino acids. |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a: | phospholipid, steroid. Both B and C are correct. |
| The amino group in an amino acid is: | NH3+. |
| The type of lipoprotein associated with “bad” cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: | LDL. |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | It contains ribose sugar. It contains adenine. It is composed of smaller molecules called nucleotides. All of the above are true of RNA. |
| All of the following substances are organic except: | electrolytes. |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? | Structural and functional |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D? | Steroids |
| Which of the following is not true of diffusion? | Uses cellular energy |
| A sequence of three bases forms a(n): | codon. |
| Water will move through the cell membrane by: | osmosis. |
| Twenty-three chromosomes per cell in humans is referred to as: | haploid. |
| Which of the following terms is synonymous with tumor? | Neoplasm |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be: | hypertonic. |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? | Prophase |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be: | an even exchange of material across the membrane. |
| Phagocytosis is an example of: | endocytosis. |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called: | aquaporins. |
| A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding site, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane. This describes the process of: | carrier-mediated transport. |
| When the chromosomes align themselves across the equator of the spindle fibers, it is characteristic of which phase of mitosis? | Metaphase |
| The pairing of bases of a strand of DNA is obligatory. If a strand of DNA were composed of the base sequence of ATCG, what would be the obligatory sequence of its opposing base pairs? | TAGC |
| NaCl would move through the cell membrane in which direction? | Both into and out of the cell |
| All of the following are examples of passive transport except: | endocytosis. |
| Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate? | Epithelial |
| Which of the following is not a function of adipose tissue? | Defends the body from microbes and injurious substances |
| The area referred to as true skin is the: | dermis. |
| Which is not a function of connective tissue? | Communication |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the: | bones. |
| Which of the following epithelial functions is a primary activity of glandular epithelium? | Secretion |
| Basement membrane is composed of molecules made by _____ tissue. | connective epithelial Both B and C are correct. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of connective tissue? | Typically holds its cells together tightly by means of desmosomes |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: | mesenchyme. |
| Areolar tissue usually contains which types of cells in the greatest number? | Fibroblasts |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the epiphyses? | Cylindrical in shape |
| Before childbirth, the symphysis pubis softens. | True |
| In bone growth, the medullary cavity is enlarged because of the activity of: Correct! | osteoclasts. |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the clavicle. | False |
| An age-related skeletal disease that is characterized by loss of bone mineral density and increased bone fragility is | osteoporosis. |
| Which of the following is not one of the primary functions performed by bones? | Hormonal production |
| In the epiphyseal plate, the zone of hypertrophy is in the _____ layer. | third |
| Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when | complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix. |
| Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types? | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| After the age of 50, the density of bone: | decreases slowly because of a shift in the remodeling activity |
| Which of the following may cause skeletal variations? | Inadequate supply of calcium and vitamin D Mechanical stress Age All of the above may cause skeletal variations |
| Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are osteoclasts. | Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are osteoclasts. |
| Blood calcium levels involve secretion of which two hormones? | parathyroid and calcitonin |
| In intramembranous ossification, the process of appositional growth refers to the: | addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones. |
| Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years. | 35 and 40 |
| Physiological muscle fatigue may be caused by: | a relative lack of ATP. high levels of lactate. failure of the sodium-potassium pumps. All of the above. |
| Thick myofilaments extend the length of the: | A-band. |
| The first event to occur in muscle relaxation is that: | the sarcoplasmic reticulum begins actively pumping calcium back into its sacs. |
| Muscle contractions will continue as long as: | the calcium ions are attached to the troponin. |
| An example of a hinge joint is(are) the: | interphalangeal joints. |
| Kicking a football is accomplished by knee: | extension. |
| Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding heat production? | The body temperature set point is established by the hypothalamus. Shivering will increase body temperature. Body temperature functions on a negative-feedback mechanism. All of the above are correct. |
| After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein? | Troponin |
| All of the following are true characteristics of an isometric contraction except: | movement is produced. |
| The substance that attracts oxygen in the myoglobin molecule is: | iron. |
| Which type of joint joins the two pubic bones together? | Symphysis |
| Glucose can be stored in the muscle as: | glycogen. |
| The largest and most frequently injured joint is the: | knee. |
| Rotator cuff surgery is performed quite commonly on professional baseball players, especially pitchers. Evidently, the throwing motion places enormous stress on the: | shoulder. |
| A contraction in which the tension within the muscle remains the same but the length changes is called a(n) _____ contraction. | isotonic |
| Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters? | Triglycerides |
| Which of the following statements about amino acid neurotransmitters is incorrect? | They are all inhibitory neurotransmitters. |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine neurotransmitter. |
| Which is true of a neuron with a resting potential? | The sodium pump has moved Na+ to the outside of the plasma membrane. |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: | during the absolute refractory period. |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to: | initiate an action potential. |
| Within the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through: | the frequency of nerve impulses. |
| The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron’s membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are): | potassium. |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a(n): | axon. |
| Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n) ____ charge. | negative |
| Which of the following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? | Nitric oxide Acetylcholine Carbon monoxide All of the above are used by the body as neurotransmitters. |
| Neurotransmitters are released in a synapse and bind to: | receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately _____ meters per second. 60 | 130 |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | amines. |
| Normal infants will show the Babinski reflex up to the age of _____ years. | 1.5-2 |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? | Constriction of the bronchioles |
| Afferent nerves or fibers are found only in the _____ nervous system. | autonomic central Both A and B are correct. |
| Which of the following is a correct statement? | There are 5 lumbar nerve pairs. |
| If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | sensory perception |
| The cerebellum acts with the _____ to produce skilled movement. | . cerebrum |
| Once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber may: | synapse with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron. send ascending and/or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia. pass through one or more ganglia without synapsing. do all |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except: | increased heart rate. |
| Tic douloureux is a painful neuralgia of the _____ nerve. | trigeminal |
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? | Regulation of motor activity |
| Nerve impulses over the _____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate. | vagus |
| Impulses from the _____ play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum. | thalamus |
| Which of the following is not true? | One bundle of nerve fibers (nerve roots) projects from each side of the spinal cord. |
| Which is the only plexus that contains fibers from the thoracic region of the spinal cord? Cervical | Brachial |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors? | Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? | Chemical messenger travels a short distance. |
| When you are looking at a large green field, which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain? | M |
| Movement of hair cells in the organ of Corti against the _____ membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition. | tectorial |
| All of the following are true statements except: | aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis. |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA. |
| Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland? | Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. |
| One of the few hormones that functions on a positive-feedback loop is: | oxytocin. |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is | endolymph. |
| When a small amount of one hormone allows a second hormone to have its full effect, the phenomenon is called: | permissiveness. |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone. |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | Internal organs |
| Which of the following is a function of glucagon? | Tends to increase blood glucose concentrations |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | crista ampullaris. |
| The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including: | touch. temperature. pain. all of the above. |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called | diapedesis. |
| Blood pressure is measured with the aid of an apparatus known as a(n) | sphygmomanometer. |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen. |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called | pulse pressure. |
| Factors that affect the strength of myocardial contraction are called | inotropic factors. |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| Which of the following is not true of ventricles? | They are the pumping chambers of the heart, The myocardium of the ventricles is thicker than that of the atria,The myocardium of the left ventricle is thicker than that of the right ventricle. All of the above are true of the ventricles. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| Which of the following is(are) involved in determining a person’s total blood volume? | Age Body type Sex All of the above |
| Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart? | blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus. |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| Antibodies are proteins of the family called | immunoglobulins. |
| What is the function of the spleen? | tissue repair hematopoiesis red blood cell and platelet destruction blood reservoir all of the above |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | cell-mediated |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | lacteals. |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | spleen |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called phagocytosis. | diapedesis. |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. | skin |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | tonsils. |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa all of the above |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte. |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antigen’s epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecule’s antigen-binding site. |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the: | inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. |
| If a person were skiing high up in the mountains, she might feel that she is having trouble breathing (getting enough oxygen in her blood). This is because the: | lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less. |
| Which of the following constitutes total lung volume? | Residual volume and vital capacity |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is _____ blood. | less than in the systemic venous ,equal to the systemic arterial Both A and C are correct. |
| A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is: | Cheyne-Stokes respiration. |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. | 160 |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760 |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions. |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood. Ranking them from greatest to least amount carried, the sequence would be: | bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma. |
| The symbol HbNCOOH– is used for: carbonic anhydrase. | carbaminohemoglobin. |
| Which of these is not an example of mechanical digestion? | Moistening the food |
| The enterogastric reflex causes: | inhibition of gastric peristalsis. |
| The process of swallowing is known as: | deglutition. |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as: | amylase. |
| The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin: | causes the pancreas to increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content, opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells,stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder. does all of the above. |
| The hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas is: | secretin. |
| Cellulose is a residue of digestion that comes from: | carbohydrates. |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the: | small intestine. |
| The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are: | glycerol and fatty acids. |
| Hydrolysis refers to: | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. |
| Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control? | Oral stage |
| The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called: | gastric inhibitory peptide. |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport. |
| The enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of: | protein. |
| Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver? | Portal vein |
| The pH of the blood is maintained at approximately | 7.4. |
| Which of the following is a true statement? | Arterial blood has an average pH of 7.41. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is part of the _____ fluid. | extracellular |
| If the blood pH decreases below normal, the kidney tubules secrete _____ urine. | more hydrogen ions from blood to |
| Edema is defined as abnormally large amounts of fluid in the: | intercellular spaces. |
| Which of the following ratios of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid will maintain a normal pH? | 20:1 |
| If the pH of the blood were 7.23, it would be | slightly more acidic than normal. |
| Which body location is not one that is usually impacted by edema? | Kidneys |
| Ketone bodies are associated with cellular metabolism of: | fats. |
| Which of the following is(are) classified as an acid-forming food? | Meat Eggs Poultry All of the above |
| The total fluid or water content of the human body ranges from _____ of its total weight. | 45% to 75% |
| In young adults, the percentage of body weight composed of water will average about _____ for males and _____ for females. | 60%; 50% |
| Which of the following body fluid compartments has the same volume (percentage of body weight) in the infant, the adult male, and the adult female? | Plasma |
| Which of the following pairs are almost identical when compared chemically? | Plasma and interstitial fluid |
| Which of these is true about the metabolism of glucose? | Anaerobic metabolism produces lactic acid. |
| The female reproductive system differs from the male reproductive system in that it: | provides protection for the developing offspring. provides nutrition to the developing offspring. does both B and C |
| The main factor determining male fertility is the: | number of sperm ejaculated. |
| Which of the following statements is not true about the mechanism controlling lactation? | Prolactin stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the mammary glands. |
| The main advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is: | there is greater diversity in the offspring. |
| Which of the following is not true of FSH? | It stimulates the secretion of testosterone. |
| The hormone that causes the follicle to rupture and the egg to be expelled is: | luteinizing hormone (LH). |
| Which of the following functions is not usually associated with the uterus? | Fertilization |
| A high blood concentration of estrogens: | stimulates epithelial cells of the endometrium to proliferate. |
| The hormone that causes the alveoli of the mammary glands to secrete milk is: | prolactin. |
| The phase of the menstrual cycle that occurs between the expulsion of the ovum from the ovary and the onset of menses is the _____ phase. | luteal |
Created by:
Yolanda Weatherspoon
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