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quizzes 7-12
physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Serotonin is an example of an: | amine neurotransmitter |
| excitatory neurotransmitters are mostly likely to: | intiate an action potential |
| Severe depression can be caused by a ceficit in the certain brain synapse of: | amines |
| Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitter? | triglycerytes |
| Aslight shift away from the resting membrane potential in a specific reqioin of the plasma membrane is call ____ potential | local |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct an impulse that is how much faster than the slowest fibers in teh body? | almost 300 times faster |
| Stimulus gates channels open in response to: | sensory stimuli |
| during relative refactory period the action potential cannot be iniciated or the action potential can be initiate with a strong stimulus | the action potential can be initiate with a strong stimulus |
| The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is: | Some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open |
| Dopemine, epinephrine and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines |
| When the current leaps across an insulting myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called: | saltatory conduction |
| Which of the following is true of spatial summation | Neurotransmitters released simutaneously from severe presynapse knobs converge on one postsynapse neuron |
| Neortransmitters are release in a synapse and behind to: | recetors on the postsynapse neuron |
| Which is true of a neuron with resting potential | The sodium pump has moved Na+ to the outside of the plasma membrane |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? | A large diameter neuron with myelin |
| Compared to the outside of the neuron, the inside has an ___ charge. | negative |
| A synaptic knob would be located on an | Axon |
| For the neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitory postsynapse potential, what should open | potassium and or chloride channels |
| Which of hte following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? | nitric oxide, acetylcholine , charbon monoxide |
| The only ions that can diffuse across a neurons membrane when the neuron is at rest is | potassium |
| The fastest nerve fibers in teh body can condut impulses up to approximately ___ meters per second | 130 |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: | during the absolute refractory period |
| A synapse consists of: | A synapse knob, a synapse cleft and the plasma membrane of postsynapse neuron |
| With in the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through | the frequency of nerve impulses |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase | penelzine |
| Acetycholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as | none of the above |
| The neurotransmitter that inhibits the conduction of pain impulses are | enkephalins |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse | The chemical transmitters are released |
| Afferent nerves or fibers are only found in the | sensory and autonomic nervous systems |
| Which of the following is not associated with the oculomotor nerve | closing and opening of the eye |
| Audition is a function of the ___ lobe | temporal |
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus | regulation of motor activity |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence and through the summation of the impoulses, the effect can be increased. | false |
| If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed a person would lose ___ related to that pathway | willed movement |
| Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following charactoristics except | number of neurons between the CNS and effector |
| Which of the following is not true of the knee jerk reflex | it is a flexor reflex |
| Propronanolol is an example of a | beta blocker, drug used to treat irregular heart beats, and hypertension |
| Cerebrospinal fluif is formed by filteration of blood in the | chorotid plexus |
| A mixed nerve is one that | carries both sensory and motor fibers |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hand, fingers, feet and toes of the opposite side. | lateral corticospinal |
| Acetylchine can stimulate ___ receptors | nicotinic |
| Which of the following is not true of a receptor potential? | it follows the all or none law |
| Clearness or sharpness of visual perception is known as | visual acuity |
| Which of the following is not true of the pineal gland | melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight |
| In c omparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are | slow to appear but long lasting |
| If you slammed your finger in a car door, it would stimulate ___ pain fibers | acute |
| All of the following are true nonsteroid hormones except | cortisal |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following | internal organs |
| The major horomone produced by the corpus luteum is | progesterone |
| The two point discrimination test can be used to measure | teh sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body |
| Movement of hair cells in the organ of corti against the ___ membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition | tectorial |
| One of the few horomones that functions on a positive feedback loop is | oxytocin |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | crista ampullaris |
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors | Alpha fibers are accociated with sharp localized pain |
| Which of the following is a function of glucogon | tends to increase blood glucose concentraction |
| The immidiate effect of a steroid horomone on a cell is the | transcription of RNA |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is | malleus, incus and stapes |
| The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is | protein kinases activate other enzymes |
| The olfactory tract carries impulses associated with | smell |
| The type of cells the secrete ACTH are | Corticotropes |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the | ruffini corpuscles |
| When a small amount of one hormone allows a second to have its full effect the phenomenon is called | permissiveness |
| The clear and potassium rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is | endolymph |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of CNS trigger imprecise or crude sensations awareness | Thalamus |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the | anterior pituitary |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic pf the endocrine system | chemical messenger |
| Accommodation for near vision necessitates | an increase in the curvature of hte lens constricts the pupils convergence of the two eyes |
| when you are looking at a large green field which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain | m |
| The somoatic senses enable us to detect sensations including | touch tempature and pain |
| In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation fo the | prothrombin activator |
| Blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the ____ in blood | protein molecules |
| erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as | hematopoietic stem cells |
| the localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in tissue is called | perforation pressure |
| The mechanisms of which three mormones work together to regulate blood volume | aldosterone, anh, and adh |
| the physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as | fibrinolysis |
| A decrease in teh amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia |
| Starlings law states that, within limtis, the longer or more stretched out the hearts fibers are at the beginning of the contraction the | stronger the contraction |
| Whcih two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart | Blood pumping action of respiration and skeletal muscle contraction |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called | pulse pressure |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is | hemodynamics |
| A hemotopic of 56% would be an indication of | polycythemia |
| blood pressure is measured with the aide of an apparatus known as | sphygmomanometer |
| ____ is used to determine the column percentage of red-blood cells in whole blood | hematocrit |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secretes to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. they migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces this process is called | diapedesis |
| Which of the following is involved in determining a persons total blood volume | age body type and sex |
| ___, a natural constituent of blood, acts as an antithrombin and prevents clots from forming in vessels | heparin |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen |
| The gaue is said to ac as a brake on the heart. this situation is called | vagal inhibition |
| Cardiac output is determined by | stroke volume and heart rate |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscles being electronically coupled to form a single functional syncytium | Because they form a syncytium muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall simulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart | aortic and cartid |
| The heart begins heating in the fetus at about 4 weeks | true |
| Factors that affect the strength of myocardial contraction are called | inotropic factors |
| Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with | body fat |
| inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation |
| Adaptive immunity, is orchestrated by two different classes of type of white blood cells called the | lymphocyte |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature b cells and then inserted into the plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic systems is the | thymus |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cells |
| the presentation of an antigen by an antigen presenting cell activates the t cell. the cells then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized t cells that form | effector t cells and memory cells |
| The body's defense mechanism can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanism;; these are | innate and adaptive immunity |
| What is the function of a spleen | tissue repair hematopoiesis red blood cell and platelet destruction blood reservoir |
| Masses of lyphoid tissue located in the protective ring under the mucous membrane in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | tonsils |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center |
| Because t cells attack pathogens more directly, t cell immune mechanisms are classified as ___ immunity | cell mediated |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | lacteal |
| The movement of phagocytes from the blood vessels to an inflammatory site is called | diapedesis |
| Antibodies are proteins of the family called | immunoglobins |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease | interferon |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-t cells develop into ___, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any on the body | thymocytes |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called | lymphokinic activities |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it | lymphotoxin |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cells surface, which results in | cytolysis |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cells navigates toward the source of the chmotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward ihgher concentrations of the factor |
| Bean-shaped structures located at certain intervals along the lymphatic system are | lymph nodes |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the ___, which are referred to as the first line of defense | skin |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. the two most important functions of it are | fluid balance and immunity |
| Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins |
| recognition of anitgens by antibodies occur when an | antigens epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecule antigen binding site |
| Which of these substances operates immune mechanisms | sebum mucus enzymes hydrochloric acid in gastric mucosa |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction | spleen |
| Which type of breathing is characterized by repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea, and is usually seen in people with increased intracranial pressure | biots breathing |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about ___ mm Hg | 160 |
| Which of the following constitutes total lung volume | residual volume and vital capacity |
| Which of the following would have the greatest accelerating effect on teh dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin | decreased po2 and increased pco2 |
| By the time the blood leaves the lung capillaries to return to the heart, what percentage of the bloods hemoglobin had united with oxygen | 97% |
| One hundreds milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen | 20% |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to | hemoglobin |
| the symbol HbNCOOH- is used for | carbaminohemoglobin |
| Which of the following is not a means of transporting oc=xygen in the blood | combined with the bicarbinates in (HCO3-) |
| Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity would be most liekly to cause | decreased vital capacity |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood. ranking them from greatest to least amount carried would be | bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin and dissolved in plasma |
| Boyle law states that the volume of a gas varies ___ with pressures at a ___ temp | inversely ; constant |
| The pco2 in the alveolar air is ___ blood | both less than in the systemic venous and greater than in the systemic venous |
| Which muscles are used for forced expiration | abdominal and internal intercostals |
| Vital capacity is defined as the | maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forced respiration |
| A drop in the body's production of carbonic anhydrase would hinder the formation of | carbonic acid |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is | as bicarbonate acids |
| When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure | expiration occurs |
| A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is | Cheyne-stokes respiration |
| the term used to describe the volume of air exchange during normal inspiration and expiration is | tidal volume |
| The PCO2 in the atmosphere is | less than alveolar air |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is ___ mm HG | 760 |
| The tidal volume given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately ___ ml | 150 |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the | inspiration reserve cvolume ,tidal volume, and eiratory reserve volume |
| Normal, quiet breathing is known as | eupnea |
| During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes | a decrease in alveolar pressure |
| Which of the following helps determine the amount of oxygen that diffused into the blood each minute | The total functional surface area of the respiratory membrane alveolar ventilations the oxygen pressure gradient between alveolar air nd incoming pulmonary blood |
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