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The Modern World
Chapter 21
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neoclassical | Evolved during Napoleon’s empire and continued on after he fell from power. It was felt that great art could only be made from great subject matter like history and the Bible. Characterized by clean colors, and precise draftsmanship. |
| Examples of Neoclassical Painters: | David and Ingres, Jacques Louis David |
| Romanticism | rebelled against the ”Age of Reason” , instead urging the use of emotion, intuition, individual experience, and imagination within artwork. Not so much a style but a set of attitudes. |
| Examples of Romantic Artists: | Goya, Delacroix |
| Realism | was a reaction against both Neoclassicism and Romanticism. First movement born in 19th century. Artists were trying to make the point that everyday activities were fit subjects for grand-scale art. |
| _____ was a leading realist painter. | Coubert |
| Edouard Manet | was a French painter. He was one of the first 19th-century artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism. |
| Impressionism | A style of painting developed in France during the mid-to-late 19th century; characterizations of the style include small, visible brushstrokes, unblended color and an emphasis on the accurate depiction of natural light. |
| Oscar-Claude Monet | The most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature, especially as applied to open air landscape painting. |
| Pierre-Auguste Renoir | Artists who paintings are notable for their vibrant light and saturated color, most often focusing on people in intimate and candid compositions. |
| Berthe Morisot | Was a painter and a member of the circle of painters in Paris who became known as the Impressionists. She was married to Eugène Manet, the brother of her friend and colleague Édouard Manet |
| Post-Impressionism | Refers to a diversity of artists that came after Impressionism. They carried forward the Impressionist bright palette and direct painting techniques. |
| Examples of Post-Impressionist Artists | Seurat, Degas,Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Cezanne |
| Georges-Pierre Seurat | was a French post-Impressionist painter and draftsman. He is noted for techniques known as chromoluminarism and pointillism. |
| Edgar Degas | was a French artist famous for his paintings, sculptures, prints, and drawings. He is especially identified with the subject of dance; more than half of his works depict dancers |
| Vincent Willem van Gogh | was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter, In just over a decade he created about 2100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings, most of them in the last two years of his life. |
| Paul Gauguin | felt that what had made painting great in the past were structure and order. As a result, his work grew increasingly abstract, profoundly affecting future artists. |
| Thomas Cole | was an American artist known for his landscape and history paintings. He is regarded as the founder of the Hudson River School, an American art movement that flourished in the mid-19th century. |
| George Caleb Bingham | was an American artist whose paintings of American life in the frontier lands along the Missouri River exemplify the Luminist style. |
| Luminism | is a painting style characterized by effects of light in landscapes, through using atmospheric perspective, and concealing visible brushstrokes. Landscapes emphasize tranquility, and often depict calm, reflective water and a soft, hazy sky |
| Thomas Eakins | was an American realist painter, photographer, sculptor, and fine arts educator, worked exactly from life, choosing as his subject the people of his hometown of Philadelphia. |
| Mary Stevenson Cassatt | was an American painter and print maker, often created images of the social and private lives of women, with particular emphasis on the intimate bonds between mothers and children. |
| Avant-Garde | A French term originally referring to the detachment of soldiers that went first into battle; for young artists it referred to the “battle’’ to advance the progress of art against the resistance of conservative forces |
| Fauvism | is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts"), a loose group of early twentieth-century modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism. |
| Henri Matisse | was a French artist, known for both his use of colour and his fluid and original draughtsmanship. He was a draughtsman, printmaker, and sculptor, but is known primarily as a painter. |
| Ernst Ludwig Kirchner | was a German expressionist painter and printmaker and one of the founders of the artists group Die Brücke or "The Bridge", a key group leading to the foundation of Expressionism in 20th-century art. Nazi's burned and destroyed his works |
| Vasili Kandinsky | was a Russian painter and art theorist. He is credited with painting one of the first purely abstract works. As a professor at University of Dorpat, worked with the psychological meanings of color |
| Cubism | was one of the most influential visual art styles of the early twentieth century. It was created by Pablo Picasso. (Spanish, 1881–1973) and Georges Braque (French, 1882–1963) in Paris between 1907 and 1914. |
| In ______ artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from a single viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context. | Cubist |
| Georges Braque | was a major 20th-century French painter, collagist, draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. His most important contributions to the history of art were in his alliance with Fauvism from 1906, and the role he played in the development of Cubism |
| Pablo Picasso | was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France, considered the co founder of Cubism and Collage |
| Giorgio de Chirico | was an Italian artist. In the years before World War I, he founded the scuola metafisica art movement, which profoundly influenced the surrealists. |
| Futurism | was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasized speed, technology, youth, and violence, and objects such as the car, the aeroplane, and the industrial city. |
| Umberto Boccioni | was an influential Italian painter and sculptor. He helped shape the revolutionary aesthetic of the Futurism movement as one of its principal figures |
| Dada | Dada was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, in addition to being anti-war, had political affinities with the radical left and was also anti-bourgeois |
| Surrealism | developed out of the Dada activities during World War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris,appreciated the logic of dreams, the mystery of the unconscious, the bizarre, the irrational, the incongruous, and the marvelous. |
| Salvador Dali | was a prominent Spanish surrealist painter, highly imaginative, and also enjoyed indulging in unusual and grandiose behavior. |
| René Magritte | was a Belgian surrealist artist. He became well known for a number of witty and thought-provoking images. Often depicting ordinary objects in an unusual context, his work is known for challenging observers' preconditioned perceptions of reality. |
| Méret Oppenheim | was a German-born Swiss Surrealist artist and photographer. Also appeared as a model for photographs by Man Ray, most notably a series of nude shots of her interacting with a printing press |
| Joan Miró | was a Spanish painter, sculptor, and ceramicist born in Barcelona. His work has been interpreted as Surrealism, a sandbox for the subconscious mind, a re-creation of the childlike, and amanifestation of Catalan pride |
| Man Ray | was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in France. He was a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements. He was best known for his photography, and he was a renowned fashion and portrait photographer |
| Constructivism | was an artistic and architectural philosophy that originated in Russia beginning in 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin. Borrowed ideas from Cubism, Suprematism and Futurism, abolish the traditional artistic concern with composition, replace it with 'construction. |
| Piet Mondrian | was a Dutch painter that was a contributor to the De Stijl art movement and group. He evolved a non-representational form which he termed neoplasticism. This consisted of white ground, a grid of vertical/horizontal black lines, three primary colors. |
| Gerrit Rietveld | was a Dutch furniture designer and architect. One of the principal members of the Dutch artistic movement called De Stijl, Rietveld is famous for his Red and Blue Chair and for the Rietveld Schröder House, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. |
| Fernand Léger | was a French painter, sculptor, and filmmaker. In his early works he created a personal form of cubism which he gradually modified into a more figurative, populist style, forerunner of pop art |
| Aaron Douglas | was an African-American painter, illustrator and arts educator. He developed a style of modern European, ancient Egyptian, and West African art; semi-abstract, and feature flat forms, hard edges, and repetitive geometric shapes |
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