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Chapter 12
Architecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 Basic Structural systems; ____ system and _____and___ system | Shell, Skeleton and skin |
| 2 factors considered in any structural system; ____ and ____ strength | Weight, Tensile |
| Tensile Strength | Amount of stretching stress, a material can withstand before it bends or breaks |
| Load-Bearing Construction | Also called "stacking and piling", this is the simplest method of making a building. Layer is piled upon layer getting gradually thinner towards the top |
| Adobe | Construction using sun-dried bricks and coated with mud plaster |
| Post-and-Lintel | An elementary construction method based on 2 vertical uprights (posts) supporting a horizontal crosspiece (lintel). |
| Hypo-style | A large hall constructed using post-and-lintel |
| Doric | No base, the capital (topmost part) is bell-shaped (7th Century BCE) |
| Ionic | Stepped base; the capital has 2 spirals called volutes(6th century BCE) |
| Corinthian | Stepped base; the capital is carved acanthus leaves (4th century BCE) |
| Architrave | Unadorned bands of lintels above columns |
| Frieze | Decorated with relief sculpture |
| Cornice | Shelf-like projection above frieze, the entablature supports a triangular elements called a pediment |
| Bracket System | A unique structural element of interlocking wooden brackets, one of the most important elements in traditional Asian architecture, the pieces are fitted together by joinery alone without glue or fasteners, due to the precision and quality of the carpentry |
| Romanesque Architecture | Is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches |
| Barrel Vault | A series of arches placed flush together, creates large interior spaces |
| Nave | A long central area of a church |
| Groin Vault | The result of 2 barrel vaults crossed at right angles to each other.; weight and stress is channeled down to four corners |
| Bay | Space created by one groin vault |
| Gothic Architecture | A style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period, characteristics include a pointed arch, the ribbed vault (which evolved from the joint vaulting of romanesque architecture) and the flying buttress |
| Buttresses, Flying Buttresses, Piers | Exterior reinforcements used on cathedrals to create stability |
| Dome | A structure generally in the shape of a hemisphere or half globe. A drum is often the circular base of a domed building |
| Coffering | Recessions created into a ceiling which help to lessen weight |
| Oculus | An opening of a topped building |
| Stability is created by the topmost stone called the _______ | Keystone |
| Arcades | Rows of arches set on columns or massive piers. It functioned as an aqueduct and footbridge |
| Portico | A porch extending from a building |
| Rotunda | Round building |
| Minarets | Slender towers often seen on the outside of mosques. |
| Pendentives | Their function is to make a smooth transition between a rectangle and a dome in a building. |
| Corbelling | Each row of stones extends slightly beyond the one below until eventually the opening is bridged; can be used in arch, vault, and dome construction. |
| Cast Iron Construction | utilizes a skeleton and skin method, During the 19th century its usefulness as structural building was proven |
| Balloon Frame | construction utilizes a skeleton and skin method. The builder first develops a framework by nailing boards together, then adds a roof, and sheathes the walls |
| Two innovations caused the development of balloon-frame construction: | Improved methods for milling lumber and mass produced nails |
| Steel Frame | construction utilizes a skeleton and skin method. Each lower story supports those above it. The builder creates a steel cage. A skin of some other material is sheathed over it. |
| Suspension and Cable-stayed Structures | is a structural method made possible by steel. Cables run vertically to a main cable which sags on a parabolic curve between vertical support pylons driven into the ground |
| Reinforced concrete | relies on iron rods embedded into wet concrete. The iron adds tensile strength, while the concrete provides shape and surface allowing for a wide variety of structures and shapes. |
| Cantilever | A horizontal form supported at one end and jutting out into space at the other; made possible by ferroconcrete |
| Geodesic Dome | Basically a bubble shaped structure created by a network of metal rods arranged in triangles and tetrahedrons. It is a modular system and requires no interior support. |
| _ ______ _____is credited with the invention of the geodesic dome. | R. Buckminster Fuller |
| Digital Design and Fabrication | is digital technology used to help design, and fabricate an object. Most architects today work with powerful 3-D modeling programs as a part of the design process. |
| The key to fabric architecture is _____: for fabric to bear weight and resist wind it must be pulled tense | Tension |
| Fabric structures are also known as tensile structures or _____ ______ structures | Tensile Membrane |
| Green Architecture | The pursuit of creating healthier and less wasteful human habitat is at the core of green architecture. It is an aspect of a larger concern called sustainable development. |
| Sustainable Development | Providing present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to provide for their own needs. |
Created by:
Sydboyer15
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