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PSY150
Chapter 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| explicit memory | memory that clearly and distinctly expresses specific information. |
| episodic memory | events that happen to a person or take place in the persons presence. |
| semantic memory | general knowledge, as opposed to episodic memory. |
| implicit memory | memory that is suggested but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do not state clearly. |
| priming | the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access memory. |
| retrospective memory | memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences as shown by explicit episodic and semantic and implicit memories. |
| prospective memory | memory to perform an act in the future, as at a certain time or when a certain event occurs. |
| encode | modifies information so that it can be placed in memory. Encoding is the first stage of information to keep it in memory. |
| storage | the maintenance of information over time. The second stage of information processing. |
| maintenance rehearsal | mental repetition of information to keep in memory. |
| elaborative rehearsal | the kind of coding in which new information is released to information that is already known. |
| retrieval | the location of stored information and its return to consciousness; the third stage of information processing |
| memory | the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved |
| sensory memory | the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus; sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous |
| memory trace | an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus |
| icon | a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory |
| iconic memory | the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of visual stimuli |
| eidetic imagery | the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes |
| echo | a mental representation of an auditory stimulus (sound) that is held briefly in sensory memory |
| echoic memory | the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli |
| short-term memory (STM) | the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays; also called working memory |
| working memory | another term for short-term memory |
| serial-position effect | the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series |
| chunk | a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information |
| displace | in memory theory, to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information |
| long-term memory (LTM) | the type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage |
| repression | in Freud’s psychodynamic theory, the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness |
| schemas | a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations |
| tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon | the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved; also called the feeling-of-knowing experience |
| context-dependent memory | information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored, or learned |
| state-dependent memory | information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned |
| nonsense syllables | s meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory |
| paired associates | nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall |
| method of savings | s a measure of retention, in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed, is calculated |
| savings | s the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions |
| interference theory | the view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it |
| retroactive interference | the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously |
| proactive interference | the interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently |
| dissociative amnesia | a loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma |
| infantile amnesia | inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so; also termed childhood amnesia |
| hippocampus | s a structure in the limbic system that plays an important role in the formation of new memories |
| anterograde amnesia | failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma |
| retrograde amnesia | a failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma |
| engram | an assumed electrical circuit in the brain that corresponds to a memory trace |
| long-term potentiation (LTP) | enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief, rapid stimulation |
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