Wrote "An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776) and coined the metaphor “invisible hand.” This work more-or-less single-handedly founded the Classical school of economics.

Milton Friedman (American, 1912–2006)

Conservative thinker famous for his advocacy of monetarism in works like A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963). He is strongly associated with the ideals of laissez-faire government policy.

Karl Marx (German, 1818–1883)

Contributed the labor theory of value to its logical conclusion, his theory of surplus value. This theory, along with his defense of historical materialism, appeared in Das Kapital (1867, 1885, 1894).

John Maynard Keynes (English, 1883–1946)

Famous for The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which judged most of classical economic analysis to be a special case (hence “General Theory”) and argued that the best way to deal with prolonged recessions was deficit spending.

David Ricardo (English, 1772–1823)

Known for Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, which introduced more-or-less modern notions of comparative advantage and its theoretical justification for unfettered international trade. He also put forth the so-called iron law of wages.

John Kenneth Galbraith (Canadian, 1908–2006)

His liberal popular writings like The Affluent Society and The New Industrial State (with their emphasis on public service and the limitations of the marketplace) ensure his coming up again and again.

Francois Quesnay (French, 1694–1774)

Quesnay was the undisputed leader of the Physiocrats, the first systematic school of economic thought. Among its tenets were the economic and moral righteousness of laissez-faire policies and the notion that land is the ultimate source of all wealth.

Alfred Marshall (English, 1842–1924)

Marshall’s magnum opus, 1890’s Principles of Economics, introduced the notions of consumer surplus, quasi-rent, demand curves, and elasticity, all fundamental concepts in introductory macro- and microeconomics.

Thorstein Veblen (American, 1857–1929)

Known for the Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), which introduced phrases like “conspicuous consumption.” He is remembered for likening the ostentation of the rich to the Darwinian proofs of virility found in the animal kingdom.

John Stuart Mill (English, 1806–1873)

Known for his work extending the ideas of Ricardo in Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy (1844) and also for examining the necessity of private property in his Principles of Political Economy (1848).

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Economists

Quizbowl Training

Term	Definition
Adam Smith	Wrote "An Inquiry into the nature and causes of the Wealth of Nations" (1776) and coined the metaphor “invisible hand.” This work more-or-less single-handedly founded the Classical school of economics.
Milton Friedman (American, 1912–2006)	Conservative thinker famous for his advocacy of monetarism in works like A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963). He is strongly associated with the ideals of laissez-faire government policy.
Karl Marx (German, 1818–1883)	Contributed the labor theory of value to its logical conclusion, his theory of surplus value. This theory, along with his defense of historical materialism, appeared in Das Kapital (1867, 1885, 1894).
John Maynard Keynes (English, 1883–1946)	Famous for The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), which judged most of classical economic analysis to be a special case (hence “General Theory”) and argued that the best way to deal with prolonged recessions was deficit spending.
David Ricardo (English, 1772–1823)	Known for Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, which introduced more-or-less modern notions of comparative advantage and its theoretical justification for unfettered international trade. He also put forth the so-called iron law of wages.
John Kenneth Galbraith (Canadian, 1908–2006)	His liberal popular writings like The Affluent Society and The New Industrial State (with their emphasis on public service and the limitations of the marketplace) ensure his coming up again and again.
Francois Quesnay (French, 1694–1774)	Quesnay was the undisputed leader of the Physiocrats, the first systematic school of economic thought. Among its tenets were the economic and moral righteousness of laissez-faire policies and the notion that land is the ultimate source of all wealth.
Alfred Marshall (English, 1842–1924)	Marshall’s magnum opus, 1890’s Principles of Economics, introduced the notions of consumer surplus, quasi-rent, demand curves, and elasticity, all fundamental concepts in introductory macro- and microeconomics.
Thorstein Veblen (American, 1857–1929)	Known for the Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), which introduced phrases like “conspicuous consumption.” He is remembered for likening the ostentation of the rich to the Darwinian proofs of virility found in the animal kingdom.
John Stuart Mill (English, 1806–1873)	Known for his work extending the ideas of Ricardo in Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy (1844) and also for examining the necessity of private property in his Principles of Political Economy (1848).

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