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Chemistry A22

Definitions

TermDefinition
base peak Peak of greatest abundance in a mass spectrum.
molecular ion peak A peak produced by an ion formed by the removal of one electron from a molecule.
M+1 peak A peak produced by a molecular ion with an increased mass due to the presence of one carbon-13 atom.
Fragmentation ion A positively charged ion produced when the molecular ion breaks apart.
Low resolution nmr A spectrum which does not show the spin-spin splitting pattern.
High resolution nmr A spectrum which does show the spin-spin splitting pattern.
Doublet A signal which appears as a pair of lines of equal intensity `
triplet A signal which appears as three lines in the approximate intensity ratio (1:2:1)
quartet A signal which appears as four lines in the approximate intensity ratio (1:3:3:1)
back titration Method where an excess of a reagent is reacted with a sample. The unreacted reagent is then determined by titration.
Rf value Retardation factor, this is calculated using the expression: Rf =Distance moved by spot/Distance moved by solvent
Retention time The time taken from injection until a component reaches the detector.
Transition metal An element which forms at least one stable ion with a partially filled d-subshell
Complex A central metal atom or ion with ligands bonded by co-ordinate bonds.
ligand An ion or molecule with a lone pair of electrons which forms a co-ordinate bond with a central metal atom or ion in a complex.
Co-ordination number The number of co-ordinate bonds to a central metal atom or ion in a complex.
Monodentate A ligand which uses only one lone pair of electrons to form a co-ordinate bond with a central metal atom or ion in a complex.
Bidentate A ligand which uses two lone pairs of electrons to form two co-ordinate bonds with a central metal atom or ion in a complex
Polydentate A ligand which uses many lone pairs of electrons to form more than two co-ordinate bonds with a central metal atom or ion in a complex.
Standard electrode potential the potential difference measured when a half-cell is connected to the standard hydrogen electrode under standard conditions.
emf The potential difference measured when two half-cells are connected.
Primary amine Only one carbon atom directly bonded to the nitrogen atom and therefore has the (-NH2) group.
Secondary amine Two carbon atoms directly bonded to the nitrogen atom i.e. NH
Tertiary amine Three carbon atoms directly bonded to the nitrogen atom i.e. N
Coupling A reaction in which two benzene rings are linked together through an azo (-N=N-) group.
Dehydration of amides A reaction which involves the elimination of water from the amide.
Zwitterions Ions which have a permanent positive and negative charge but which are neutral overall.
Primary structure (protein) Sequence of amino acids joined by peptide links in the chain.
Secondary structure (protein) The twisting/coiling of the chain to form a β-pleated sheet/α helix by intramolecular hydrogen bonding
Tertiary structure (protein) The bending/folding of the secondary structure to give a precise 3D shape held together by hydrogen bonding/disulfide bridges/ionic interactions/van der Waals’ forces.
Enzyme A protein which is a biological catalyst.
Active site The site on the surface of the enzyme into which the substrate fits.
Induced fit The substrate induces a change of shape of the active site of the enzyme
Condensation polymers Polymers formed by the elimination of small molecules such as water or hydrogen chloride when monomers bond together.
Biodegradable polymer A polymer which can be hydrolysed by the action of microorganisms.
DNA replication The process by which a double stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules.
GLC-MS A gas liquid chromatograph attached to a mass spectrometer.
Sequestering The formation of a complex so that an ion is no longer available for reactions.
Created by: hbg
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