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Digestive System
Chapter 17 Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology
| Question | Answer | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| What is the process of Digestion? | mechanically and chemically breaking down foods so that they can be absorbed. The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and several accessory organs that carry out processes of ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption and defecation | ||||||
| What is the structure of the alimentary canal wall? | mucosa: protects tissues, secretes into lumen, absorbs subs from diet surface of epithelium and underlying connective tissue (lamina propria) smooth musc (muscularis mucosae) folds extend into lumen increase absorptive surface mucus and enzymes | submucosa: nourish nearby tissues, carry away absorbed subs lots of loose connective tissue, glands, blood vessels and nerves | muscularis: allow mvmt of food via circular & longitudinal muscle contraction smooth muscle tissue, inner layer circular, outer longitudinal has nerves | serosa: outer covering, or visceral peritoneum, protect tissue beneath, secrete serous fluid to moisten and lubricate outer surface so organs can slide freely against each other simple squamous epithelium on outside and areolar tissue beneath | |||
| How do the alimentary canal walls move? | motor functions include mixing and propelling movements peristalsis - propels movement wall of tube undergoes receptive relaxation just ahead of peristaltic wave | How is the alimentary canal innervated? | ANS: PNS & SNS What maintains muscle tone and regulates strength, rate and velocity of contractions? | postganglionic fibers of ANS What does the submucosal plexus within the wall of the canal regulate? | secretions of gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal) the myenteric plexus located between circular and longitudinal muscle fibers of muscularis externa is more extensive and controls what? | gastrointestinal motility What else do the plexuses do? | include sensory neurons which respond to stretch, pH, nutrients, solute concentration |
| How is the alimentary canal tube innervated? | the tube is innervated by branches of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system Of the PNS where are the impulses arising? | either brain or sacral region of spinal cord How are signals sent from PNS in brain to dig, sys? | branches of vagus nerve to esophagus, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, and prox 1/2 large instestine Where does sacral PNS send signal? | distal half of large intestine sympathetic impulses inhibit mixing and propelling movements as well as? | contract sphincter muscles What other mechanism regulates motility and secretion? | enteroendocrine cells in stomach and small intestine released into tissue fluid and blood sent to target cells in dig sys | |
| If parasympathetic impulses generally increase digestive activities what do sympathetic impulses do? | generally inhibit them | ||||||
| How do sympathetic impulses inhibit digestive activites? | contract certain sphincter muscles which control movement of digesting food through alimentary canal | ||||||
| How is the mouth involved in the digestive process? | receives food ,and begins digestion by chewing, mechanically breaking the food/mastication the lips, tongue, lingual tonsils, palate teeth and salivary glands are all in/ around the mouth | ||||||
| True or False? The tongue mixes food with saliva and moves it toward pharynx | true | ||||||
| Why is the surface of the tongue rough? | that part handles food and has taste buds and lingual papillae | ||||||
| What lymph things can be found at the postsulcal/posterior/base of tongue? | lymphoid aggregates called lingual tonsils and foliate papillae on the posterolateral aspect of tongue | ||||||
| what is the distinction between the base of the tongue and the root of the tongue? | at the posterior part of tongue/postsulcal part forming the ventral wall of the oropharynx is the base the root is the PREsulcal/ anterior part of tongue which attaches to the floor of the oral cavity | ||||||
| where does the presulcal tongue end? | sulcus terminalis | ||||||
| What part of the tongue inserts into the hyoid bone? | median lingual (fibrous) septum | ||||||
| True or False, the pharyngeal tongue has lingual papillae? | False - its mucosa is populated by aggregates of lymphatic tissue called lingual tonsils Where are the pharyngeal tonsils? | posterior wall of pharynx above border of soft palate What are adenoids? | pharyngeal tonsils | ||||
| The mucosa of the pharyngeal tongue is continuous with which structures? | laterally located palatine tonsils, lateral oropharyngeal walls, posterior epiglottis, and glossoepiglottic folds | ||||||
| What is the palate? | the roof of the mouth - there is a hard and soft portion | ||||||
| What is the function of the soft palate? | It includes the uvula and it closes the opening to the nasal cavity during swallowing | ||||||
| Where are the palatine tonsils located? | either side of tongue in the back posterolateral aspect of tongue | ||||||
| How many teeth are there? | 2 sets: primary = 30 secondary = 32 When do the primary (Deciduous) teeth erupt? | at regular intervals between ages of 6 mo and 2-4 years What are the third molars of the secondary/permanent teeth? | wisdom teeth at what age do secondary teeth come in? | 6 years old to between 17 and 25 for third molars What is an impacted wisdom tooth? | hasn't been able to erupt because of abnormal wedging | ||
| Where do teeth develop? | mandibular and maxillary bones | ||||||
| What is the function of mastication? | to break food down into easily digestible size - increasing surface area for exposure to digestive enzymes | ||||||
| What are the 3 functions of the 3 different types of teeth? | grasping, grinding, biting What is dentition? | the shape, size, and number of teeth in animal;s mouth indicating what it eats | |||||
| What is the basic structure of a tooth? | crown, root composed of enamel, dentin, pulp, nerves, and blood vessels what is enamel made of? | calcium salts - hardest sub in body what is beneath enamel? | dentin - living cellular tissue similar to bone but harder what does dentin surround? | central vaity/ pulp cavity filled with pulp what is pulp? | mass of tissue including blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue how do blood vessels and nerves reach the central cavity? | root canals what is cementum? | thin bonelike material which encloses the root and is surrounded by a periodontal ligament composed of collagen attaching tooth to jaw |
| how is the tooth attached to the alveolar process? | periodontal ligament | ||||||
| What do salivary glands do? | secrete saliva, moistens food, helps bind food particles, begins chemical digestion of carbs, makes taste possible, cleanses mouth, regulates pH in mouth | ||||||
| What types of cells in the salivary gland salivary amylase? | serous cells what does salivary amylase do? | splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides | |||||
| Which cells in the salivary grands secrete mucus? | mucous cells | ||||||
| True or False? Parasympathetic impulses stimulate secretion of large volume of watery saliva. | true | ||||||
| What are the major salivary glands? | parotid glands submandibular glands sublingual glands | ||||||
| Which of the major salivary glands in the largest? | parotid glands | ||||||
| What do parotid glands secrete? | saliva rich in amylase | ||||||
| Where are submandibular glands located? | at the floor of the mouth | ||||||
| Which salivary glands secrete viscous saliva containing amylase? | submandibular glands | ||||||
| What other salivary gland is located in the floor of the mouth? | sublingual glands | ||||||
| What do sublingual glands secrete? | mucus | ||||||
| The pharynx and the esophagus most simply do what? | provide a passageway for food and drink to enter stomach | ||||||
| The Pharynx is divided into 3 parts. What are they? | 1. nasopharynx 2.oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx | ||||||
| What are the directions of the muscle fibers in the walls of the pharynx? | circular and longitudinal groups | ||||||
| What is the anatomical word for swallowing? | deglutition | ||||||
| There are 3 stages of deglutition. What are they? | 1. food is mixed with saliva and forced into pharynx by tongue 2. involuntary reflex actions move food into esophagus 3. peristalsis transports food in esophagus to stomach | ||||||
| True or False? Swallowing reflexes momentarily inhibit breathing | true | ||||||
| The esophagus passes through the what? and penetrates the what? | mediastinum diaphragm | ||||||
| What is the function of the lower esophageal sphincter? | prevents regurgitation of food from stomach | ||||||
| What are the basic functions of the stomach in terms of receiving and passing along food? | receives food, mixes it with gastric juices, limited amount of absorption, moves food into small intestine | ||||||
| The stomach is divided into 4 parts. What are they? | 1. cardia 2. fundus 3. body 4. pylorus |
Created by:
Goldbellie
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