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Brain Basics
Chapter 11 Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the brain include? | 2 cerebral hemispheres, the diencephalon, the brainstem, and the cerebellum |
| In the brain the outer layers of the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum are largely what type of matter? | gray |
| Where is white matter found in the brain? | represents the interconnecting axons and is deeper with islands of gray matter throughout |
| What generally surrounds the organs of the CNS? | bones, membranes and fluid |
| What is located between the bone and soft tissue of the skull and spinal canal? | meninges |
| What makes up the meninges? | dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater |
| Which meninges is the outermost layer? | dura mater |
| Which meninges is composed of tough, white, dense connective tissue containing many blood vessels and nerves? | dura mater |
| The dura mater attaches to the inside of ______, forming the internal periosteum of the surrounding skull bones. | the cranial cavity |
| In some area of the brain the dura mater extends inward between lobes of the brain to form what? | supportive and protective partitions between |
| What are dural sinuses? | where the dura mater splits into two layers, forming channels |
| Venous blood flows through these channels as it returns from the brain to vessels leading to the heart. What are they? | dural sinuses |
| The strong dural sheath which surrounds the spinal cord is what? | a continuation of the dura mater |
| True or False? The dura mater is attached to the spinal cord? | True |
| What is the relationship of the pia mater to the dura mater in the spinal cord? | it attaches it to the spinal cord at regular intervals along the length on either side |
| What are denticulate ligaments? | bands of pia mater which attach the dura mater to the spinal cord |
| Where does the dura mater end? | at the second sacral vertebra, below the tip of the spinal cord |
| What separates the spinal cord from the vertebrae? | the epidural space between the dural sheath and bony wall |
| What is contained in the epidural space? | blood vessels, loose connective tissue and adipose tissue that pads the spinal cord |
| What is a subdural hematoma? | When there is damage to the head and blood collects beneath the dura mater |
| Which layer of meninges is likened to a spider web? | arachnoid mater |
| True or False? The arachnoid mater does not have blood vessels and is located between the dura and pia maters. | True |
| True or False? The arachnoid mater dips into grooves and depressions on the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord? | False |
| Which meninges spreads over the brain and spinal cord with many thin strands extending from its undersurface to attach to the pia mater? | arachnoid mater |
| What space contains the clear, watery cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the meninges? | subarachnoid space |
| where is the subarachnoid space located? | between the arachnoid mater and pia mater |
| True or False? The subarachnoid space completely surrounds the brain, but not the spinal cord? | False |
| Because the subarachnoid space completely surrounds the brain and spinal cord they are both floating in what? | cerebrospinal fluid |
| What is the function of protection offered by the cerebrospinal fluid bath which the brain and spinal cord float in? | absorbs forces which might injure the delicate tissues |
| Which meninges is thin and contains many nerves, and blood vessels nourishing the underlying cells of the brain and spinal cord? | pia mater |
| True or False? Unlike the arachnoid mater, the pia mater is attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord and dips into depressions as it follows the contours. | True |
| Inflammation of the meninges, or meningitis, is usually caused by what? | bacterial or viral infection of the CFS |
| Which meninges are most often affected in the case of meningitis? | arachnoid mater and pia mater |
| What are 4 cavities in which CSF is formed? | ventricles |
| Where are the 4 cavities in which CFS is formed located? | cerebral hemispheres and brainstem |
| Which of the 4 cavities in which CFS is formed are largest? | lateral ventricles |
| In which direction do the lateral ventricles extend? | anteriorly to posteriorly |
| Which side of the brain houses the 'first ventricle'? | left |
| Which side of the brain houses the 'second ventricle'? | right |
| Where is the third ventricle (in which CFS is formed) located? | midline of the brain beneath the corpus callosum |
| What is the corpus callosum? | a bridge of axons linking the 2 cerebral hemispheres |
| How does the 3rd ventricle communicate with the first 2? | interventricular foramina |
| What are interventricular foramina? | openings on the anterior end of the 3rd ventricle |
| Where is the 4th ventricle (in which CFS is formed) located? | in the brainstem anterior to the cerebellum |
| What connect the 3rd and 4th ventricles? | the cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) |
| How is the cerebral aqueduct situation in the brainstem? | lengthwise |
| Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and has opening in its roof that lead into the subarachnoid space of the meninges? | 4th ventricle |
| What structures secrete CSF? | choroid plexuses |
| Describe a choroid plexus | tiny, reddish, cauliflower-like masses of specialized capillaries from the pia mater, covered by a layer of specialized ependymal cells |
| How are choroid plexuses similar in function to astrocytes? | astrocytes provide a barrier between the blood and the brain interstitial fluid (blood-brain barrier) while the ependymal cells in the choroid plexuses block passage of water-soluble substances between the blood and the CSF |
| How do choroid plexuses selectively transfer certain substances from the blood into the CSF? | facilitated diffusion and active transport |
| How does CSF differ from other extracellular fluids? | it contains greater concentration of sodium and less of glucose and potassium |
| What are the functions of the CFS? | protective and nutritive: maintains stable ionic concentration and provides path to blood for waste |
| How many milliliters per day do most humans secrete? | 500 |
| Why is only about 140 milliliters in the nervous system at any given time even though 500 milliliters are produced per day? | CFS is continuously reabsorbed into the blood |
| What are the tiny fingerlike structures projecting from the subarachnoid space into the blood-filled dural sinuses - which reabsorb CFS into the blood? | arachnoid granulations |
| Which organ contains neural centers associated with sensory functions and is responsible for sensations and perceptions? | brain |
| The brain issues motor commands to skeletal muscles and carries on higher mental functions such as what? | memory and reasoning |
| In additions to overseeing the function of the entire body, including coordinating muscle movements an regulating visceral activities, the brain also is responsible for what? | characteristics like personality |
| What are the prosencephalon, the mesencephalon and the rhombencephalon? | fore mid and hind brain |
| What does the forebrain eventually divide into? | telencephalon and diencephalon |
| What does the hindbrain eventually divide into? | metencephalon and myselencephalon |
| The fore mid and hind brain are early developmental features of the brain, what do the 5 cavities developing out of them eventually become? | fluid-filled ventricles and tubes that connect them |
| What happens to the cells of the tissue surrounding the fluid-filled ventricles that are the 5 cavities of the brain? | differentiate into the structural and functional regions of the brain |
| What develops out of the anterior portion of the forebrain? | cerebrum and basal nuclei |
| What develops out of the posterior portion of the forebrain? | diencephalon |
| What is produced from the midbrain? | the midbrain |
| Which structures arise from the hindbrain? | cerebellum, pons and medulla oblongata |
| Which parts of the brain comprise the brain stem? | midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| What is the function of the brain stem? | attaches the spinal cord to the brain |
| True or False? The brain develops as specific neurons attract others by secreting growth factors. | True |
| True or False? Apoptosis is an abnormal part of embryonic brain development, | False |
| Which supplement will help avoid a neural tube defect like spinal bifida or anencephaly? | folic acid |
| What is the largest part of the mature brain? | cerebrum |
| What are the 2 large masses which constitute the cerebrum? | cerebral hemispheres |
| The broad flat bundle of axons connecting the cerebral hemispheres is the what? | corpus callosum |
| What layer of tissue separates the cerebral hemispheres? | falx cerebri of the dura mater |
| What are the grooves which mark the cerebrum's surface called? | gyri |
| On the cerebrum what is the name for the shallower grooves? | sulcus |
| On the cerebrum what is the name for the very deep grooves? | fissure |
| What is the longitudinal fissure? | separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres |
| what is the transverse fissure? | separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum |
| What type of groove divides each hemisphere into lobes? | sulci |
| What are most of the 5 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres named after? | the skull bones they underlie |
| Which lobe forms the anterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere? | frontal lobe |
| Which lobe is posterior to the frontal lobe and separated from it by the central sulcus? | parietal lobe |
| Which lobe lies inferior to the frontal and parietal lobes and is separated from them by the lateral sulcus? | temporal lobe |
| Which lobe forms the posterior portion of each cerebral hemisphere and is separated from the cerebellum by the tentorium cerebelli? | occipital lobe |
| What is the shelf-like extension of the dura mater separating the cerebellum and the occipital lobe? | tentorium cerebelli |
| Which lobes have no distinct boundary from one another? | occipital, parietal and temporal |
| Which lobe lies deep within the lateral sulcus of each hemisphere and is so named because it is covered by parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes? | insula |
| What separates the insula from the other lobes? | circular sulcus |
| What is the limbic lobe? | Sometimes included lobe which is deeper than the other - pertains to the limbic system |
| What thin layer of gray matter do all lobes of the cerebrum have? | cerebral cortex |
| What outermost portion of the cerebrum covers the gyri, by dipping into the sulci and fissures? | cerebral cortex |
| The cerebral cortex contains nearly 75% of all what in the nervous system? | neuron cell bodies |
| What lies just beneath the cerebral cortex? | mass of white matter that makes up the bulk of the cerebrum |
| What is the significance of the mass of white matter which makes up the bulk of the cerebrum? | contains bundles of myelinated axons that connect neuron cell bodies of the cortex with other parts of the nervous system |
| How do some of the cerebrum's fibers pass from one cerebral hemisphere to another? | corpus callosum |
| What is the route sensory and motor impulses travel from the cortex? | areas of gray matter deeper in the brain or into the spinal cord |
| Why is the brain so dependent on oxygen? | It requires constant supply of oxygen from blood to make ATP in aerobic respiration |
| What type of brain functions does the cerebral cortex provide? | interpreting impulses from sense organs, initiating voluntary muscular movements, storing information as memory, retrieving information for reasoning, intelligence and personality |
| Where do sensations of temperature, touch, pressure and pain in the skin arise? | postcentral gyri of the parietal lobes (somatosensory cortex) posterior to the central sulcus |
| What do the posterior parts of the occipital lobes receive as sensory input? | visual (visual cortex) |
| What are the sensory areas for taste called and where are they? | gustatory cortex; near the bases of the lateral sulci and part of the insula |
| Where does the sense of smell arise from? | centers deep in the temporal lobes (olfactory cortex) |
| Which sensory fibers are interpreted by the opposite side of the brain they come from? | PNS sensory fibers |
| True or False? Sensory areas concerned with vision and hearing receive impulses from both eyes or ears respectively, | True |
| Which areas of the cerebral cortex are neither primarily sensory or motor? | association areas |
| Located on the anterior portions of the frontal lobes as well as in the lateral portions of the parietal, temporal and occipital lobes, the association areas accomplish what? | analyzing and interpreting sensory experiences and helping in providing memory, reasoning, verbalizing, judgement and emotions |
| What do the association areas of the frontal lobe specifically do? | concentrating, planning, and complex problem solving |
| What do the association areas of the anterior and inferior portions of the prefontal areas do? | control emotional behavior, produce awareness of possible consequences of behaviors |
| What are the functions of the association areas collectively called? | executive function |
| What are the parietal association areas responsible for? | interpreting sensory information, aiding in understanding speech and choosing words to express thoughts and feelings |
| Where does awareness of the form of objects, including one's own body parts come from? | the posterior regions of the parietal lobe's association areas |
| Which association areas are responsible for analyzing visual patterns and combining visual images with other sensory experiences, such as recognizing someone? | occipital lobe adjacent to visual centers |
| Which lobe is understudied because it lies so deep? | insula |
| What is the esoteric theory related to the function of the insula? | it is responsible for some of the qualities that make us human - like joy from music or disgust from seeing something unpleasant |
| True or False? Association areas do not interact. | False |
| What is the significance of association areas interacting? | integration of sensory input interpretations |
| True or False? Wernicke's area is not bilaterally present in the brain. | True |
| Wernicke's area is responsible for understanding and formulating what? | written and spoken language |
| Where do you find the large pyramidal cells in nervous tissue? | primary motor areas (motor cortex) |
| True or False? Most of the nerve fibers in the motor cortex tracts cross over from one side of the brain to the other within the brainstem. | True |
| Where is Broca's area (motor speech area) of the brain located? | frontal lobe usu. left hemisphere |
| True or False? Broca's area is responsible for the mechanics of speech. | true |
| Wernicke's area is connected with Broca's area how? | bundles of axons directly and indirectly |
| What controls voluntary movement of the eyes and eyelids? | frontal eye field in the superior frontal lobe |
| Higher intellectual processes and some voluntary skeletal muscle movements are carried out primarily in which lobe? | frontal |
| Sensations of temperature, touch, pressure and pain involving skin plus understand speech and using words to express happens in what lobe? | parietal |
| Hearing, interpreting sensory experiences and remembering visual scenes, music and other complex sensory patterns happens where? | temporal lobes |
| Vision, and combining visual images with other sensory experiences happens where? | occipital lobes |
| What does the nondominant hemisphere specialize in? | nonverbal functions |
| What enables the dominant hemisphere to control the motor cortex of the nondominant hemisphere? | corpus callosum |
| What is the name of the process described as a very rapid repeated stimulation of the same neurons increasing the number of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors which causes physical changes at the synapse making synaptic transmission more effective? | long-term potentiation |
| What is memory consolidation? | memories stored in various parts of the cerebral cortex |
| A nerve pathway that begins with a sensory receptor and ends with an effector is a what? | reflex nerve pathway |
| What begins with a sensory receptor at the dendritic end of a sensory neuron? | reflex arc |
| The basic components of a reflex are known as what? | reflex arc |
Created by:
Goldbellie
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