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SCI221 Physiology
Week 8: CNS, PNS, & ANS
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Axon terminals of autonomic neurons release either of two neurotransmitters, | norepinephrine and acetylcholine |
Which of the following is NOT correct? | Sympathetic preganglionic axons pass along the dorsal root of certain spinal nerves |
The second largest part of the brain, located just below the posterior portion of the cerebrum, is the | cerebellum. |
The _____ nerve transmits impulses that result in sensations of equilibrium. | vestibular |
A _____ is a skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve. | myotome |
The most numerous cerebral tracts are the | association tracts |
The limbic system integrates | emotion |
The cortex is capable of storing and retrieving information from both short-term and long-term | memory |
Which region of the brain plays a part in the mechanism responsible for emotions by associating sensory impulses with feelings of pleasantness and unpleasantness? | thalamus |
“Fight or flight” physiological changes include all of the following EXCEPT | constriction of respiratory airways |
The action of acetylcholine is quickly terminated by its being hydrolyzed by the enzyme | acetylcholinesterase |
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are tonically active, which means they | continually conduct impulses to autonomic effectors |
The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is | relaxation. |
The reticular activating system maintains | consciousness |
Which of the following is NOT an example of sympathetic stimulation? | constriction of the bronchioles |
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the sense of smell? | olfactory |
Acetylcholine binds to _____ receptors | cholinergic |
If the center of a reflex arc is the brain, the response it mediates is called a | cranial reflex |
Many cerebral functions have typical locations. This fact is known as | cerebral localization. |
The _____ consists of several structures that lie beneath the thalamus and form the floor of the third ventricle and the lower part of its lateral walls. | hypothalamus |
The groove between the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex is the | central sulcus |
Tongue movement is controlled by which cranial nerve? | hypoglossal |
The set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the | motor program. |
Each skin surface area supplied by sensory fibers of a given spinal nerve is a | dermatome |
Another name for the parasympathetic nervous system is the nervous system. | craniosacral |
A reflex consists of either a muscle contraction or a | glandular secretion. |
The _____ is an extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole of the foot. | Babinski sign |
The two main types of adrenergic receptors are | alpha and beta |
The somatic motor system includes all the _____ motor pathways _____ the CNS | voluntary; outside |
Mixed cranial nerves contain axons of | sensory and motor neurons |
All of the following cranial nerves are involved in proprioception except the: | vagus |
The cerebellum acts with the _____ to produce skilled movement. | cerebrum |
Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? | Constriction of the bronchioles |
Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
Propranolol is an example of a: | beta blocker. drug used to treat irregular heartbeats. drug used to treat hypertension. All of the above are correct |
All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except: | increased heart rate. |
How does a dually innervated autonomic effector differ from a singly innervated autonomic effector? | A dually innervated effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. A singly innervated autonomic effector receives input from only the sympathetic division |
Once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber may: | synapse with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron. send ascending and/or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia. pass through one or more ganglia without synapsing. |
The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: | medulla. |
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
Damage to the _____ nerve could make the diaphragm unable to function. | phrenic |
Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. |
Which is the only plexus that contains fibers from the thoracic region of the spinal cord? | Brachial |
Tic douloureux is a painful neuralgia of the _____ nerve. | trigeminal |
Which of the following is not true of the knee jerk reflex? | It is a flexor reflex. |
Which of the following is a correct statement? | There are 5 lumbar nerve pairs. |
The cerebellum performs all of the following functions except: . | controls cardiac function |
The spinal tract that is located in the side of the cord, originates in the brain, and terminates in the spinal cord is the _____ tract. | lateral corticospinal |
Which of the following statements is not true? | The major function of the parasympathetic division is to serve as an “emergency” system. |
A mixed nerve is one that: | carries both sensory and motor fibers. |
The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. | False |
The knee jerk can be classified as a segmental reflex because: | impulses that mediate it enter and leave the same segment of the cord. |
Most effectors of the autonomic nervous system are dually innervated by sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. | True |
Audition is a function of the _____ lobe. | temporal |
Which of the following is not associated with the oculomotor nerve? | Closing and opening of the eye (blink reflex) |
Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: | number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector. |
Which of the following is a description of the principle of autonomic antagonism as it relates to the autonomic nervous system? | If sympathetic impulses tend to stimulate an effector, parasympathetic impulses tend to inhibit it. |
Impulses from the _____ play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum. | thalamus |
The part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary is the: | hypothalamus. |
Normal infants will show the Babinski reflex up to the age of _____ years. | 1.5-2 |
Acetylcholine can stimulate _____ receptors. | nicotinic |
Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: | preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. |
If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | sensory perception |
Nerve impulses over the _____ nerve cause increased peristalsis and decreased heart rate. | vagus |
The part of the brain that assists in the maintenance of balance is the: | medulla. |
Which of the following is not true? | One bundle of nerve fibers (nerve roots) projects from each side of the spinal cord. |
Which is(are) the neurotransmitter(s) in a somatic motor pathway? | Acetylcholine |
Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? | Regulation of motor activity |
Which is not true of the dorsal nerve root? | It is also called the posterior root. It includes the spinal ganglion. It includes sensory fibers. All of the above are true. |
The preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic. | True |
Nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal and _____, and is absorbed back into the blood. | subarachnoid space |
If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | willed movement |
A child was frightened by a large dog. The pupils of the child’s eyes became dilated, and the heart and respiratory rates increased. These symptoms were caused by stimulation of: | the sympathetic nervous system. |
Afferent nerves or fibers are found only in the _____ nervous system. | Sensory. Autonomic. Both A and B are correct. |