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J.Andrus StudyStack1
Nightingale College Anatomy Weeks 1-6; Terms & Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Study of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts |
| Physiology | Scientific study of an organism's body function |
| Anatomical position | The standard reference position for the body. Standing with arms hanging at the sides with palms forward, gives meaning to directional terms |
| Anterior | Front or ventral; opposite of posterior, or dorsal |
| Posterior | Located behind; opposite of anterior |
| Distal | Toward the end of the structure; opposite of proximal |
| Proximal | Next are nearest; located nearest the center of the body or point of attachment of the structure; opposite of distal |
| Dorsal | Pertaining to the back; in a direction toward the back of the body |
| Ventral | Of or near the belly; in humans, front or anterior; opposite of dorsal or posterior |
| Superior | Higher; opposite of inferior |
| Inferior | Lower; opposite of superior |
| Lateral | Of or towards the side; opposite of medial |
| Medial | Of or toward the middle; opposite of lateral |
| Caudal | Away from the head; lower |
| Bilateral symmetry | Concept of the right and left sides of the body being approximate mere images of each other |
| Ipsilateral | Of the same side |
| Contralateral | On the opposite side of the body |
| Parietal | Refers to the walls of an organ or cavity |
| Visceral | Relating to the viscera; toward or on the internal organs |
| Positive feedback | Feedback control system that is stimulatory; tends to amplify or reinforce a change in the internal environment |
| Negative feedback | Feedback control system in which the level of the variable is changed in the direction opposite to that of the initial stimulus |
| Acid | Substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions; substance with a pH of less than 7.0 |
| Base | Substance that ionizes in water to decrease the number of hydrogen ion; also known as alkaline |
| Ionic bond | Electrocovalent bond; bond formed by transferring of electrons from one atom to another |
| Covalent bond | Chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons |
| Hydrogen bond | Weak chemical bond that occurs between the partial positive charge on a hydrogen atom covalently bound to a nitrogen or oxygen atom and the partial negative charge of another polar molecule |
| Ion | Electrically charged atom or group of atoms |
| Atom | Smallest unit of matter |
| Carbohydrate | Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in specific proportions; for example: sugars, starches, and cellulose |
| Protein | Large molecules formed by linkage of amino acids by peptide bonds; one of the basic building blocks of the body |
| Lipid | Class of organic compounds that include fats, oils, and related substances |
| Plasma membrane | Phospholipid bilayer reinforced with cholesterol embedded with proteins and other organic molecules |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Network of canals and sacs extending from the nuclear envelope; may have ribosomes attached |
| Golgi apparatus | Stack of flattened sacs (cisternae) surrounded by vesicles |
| Vesicles | Tiny membranous bags, temporarily contain molecules for transport or later use |
| Lysosomes | Tiny membranous bags containing enzymes, a cell's "digestive system", breakdown defective cell parts (autophagy) and ingested particles |
| Peroxisomes | Tiny membranous bags containing enzymes, detoxify harmful substances in a cell |
| Mitochondria | The power plant of the cell, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis |
| Nucleus | Has the genetic code, plays a central role in activities such as cell transport, metabolism and growth |
| Ribosomes | Small particles assembled from two tiny units of rRNA protein |
| Proteasomes | Destroys misfolded or otherwise abnormal proteins manufactured by the cell; a "quality control" mechanism for protein synthesis |
| Cytoskeleton | Supporting framework of the cell and its organelles; functions in cell movement |
| Centrosome | Acts as the microtubule-organizing center of the cell; centrioles assist in forming and organizing microtubules |
| Microvilli | Tiny, fingerlike extensions that increase a cell's absorptive surface area |
| Cilia and flagella | Cillia move substances over the cell surface, or detect changes in the outside of the cell; flagella propel sperm cells |
| Nucleolus | Site formation of ribosome subunits |
| Diffusion | Spreading; natural tendency of small particles to spread out evenly within a given space; for example, scattering of dissolved particles |
| Osmosis | Movement of a fluid through a separate semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater concentration |
| Hypotonic | Adjective used to describe a solution that has a lower potential osmotic pressure than a solution to which it is being compared; a hypotonic solution tends to have low osmolarity and thus tends to lose water to the solution to which it is compared |
| Hypertonic | Adjective used to describe a solution that has a higher potential osmotic pressure than a solution to which it is being compared; hypertonic solution tends to have high osmolality and thus tends to gain water from the solution to which it is compared |
| Isotonic | Two fluids that have the same potential osmotic pressure |
| Apoptosis | Nonpathological, programmed cell death in which specific biochemical steps within the cell lead to the fragmentation of the cell and removal of pieces by phagocytic cells |
| Mitosis | Complex process in which cell's DNA is replicated and divided equally between two daughter cells |
| Prophase | First stage of mitosis, during which chromosomes become visible |
| Metaphase | Second stage of mitosis, during which the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear and the chromosomes align on the equatorial plane |
| Anaphase | Letter stage of mitosis; duplicated chromosomes move to poles of dividing cell |
| Telophase | Last stage of mitosis in which chromatids are chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed |
| Epithelial tissue | Covers and protects the body surface, lines the body cavities, transport of substances (absorption, secretion, excretion) |
| Connective tissue | Supports body structures, transport substances throughout the body |
| Muscle tissue | Produces body movements, produces movements of organs such as the stomach and heart |
| Nervous tissue | Communication between body parts, integration, and regulation of body functions |
| Epidermis | Superficial primary layer at the skin; made up entirely of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; derived from the ectoderm; also includes hairs, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands |
| Stratum corneum | Several layers of flakelike dead cells mostly made up of dense networks of keratin fibers cemented by glycophospholipids and forming a tough, waterproof barrier |
| Stratum lucidum | A few layers of squamous cells filled with eleidin-a keratin precursor that gives this layer a translucent quality |
| Stratum granulosum | 2-5 layers of dying, somewhat flattened cells filled with darkly staining keratohyalin granules and multilayered bodies of glycophospholipids; |
| Stratum basale | Single layer of mostly columnar cells capable of mitotic cell division; it is from this layer that all cells of superficial layers are derived; includes keratinocytes and some melanocytes |
| Dermis | Deep primary layer of the skin; made up of fibrous tissue; also includes some blood and lymphatic vessels |
| Hypodermis | Loose fibrous (areolar) connective tissue and adipose tissue; under the skin (not part of the skin); includes fibrous bands or skin ligaments that connect the skin strongly to underlying structures |
| Bone Matrix | Intracellular material of the bone tissue |
| Cartilage | connective tissue type that has the consistency of a firm plastic or gristle-like gel |
| Diaphysis | Shaft of a long bone |
| Epiphysis | End of a long bone |
| Appendicular skeleton | Bones of the upper and lower extremities of the body |
| Axial skeleton | The bones of the head, neck, and torso |
| Actin | Contractile protein found in the thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle |
| Myosin | Contractile protein found in the thick filaments of skeletal muscle myofilaments |
| Acetylcholine (ACh) | Neurotransmitter used by motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions to stimulate muscle contraction |
| Creatine phosphate (CP) | Substance found in muscle cells and used for the temporary storage of chemical energy to supply ATP and ultimately for muscle contraction |
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