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PHIL-205 Unit 1 Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Effective Altruism | To make as much money to do good with in the world (should do it in lifetime) |
| Ponzy | Stealing people’s money in order to pay off someone else’s return. |
| Descriptive Ethics | Looks at what people believe and how they act (moral) |
| Normative Ethics | Looks at what people should believe and how they ought to act. |
| Is business ethics an oxymoron? | No, companies have legal requirements to be ethical and have lost money not doing so. |
| Economic-should | Is this going to make the most money? |
| Ethical-should | Is this going to do the most good? |
| Arguments | Supporting a claim with reason |
| Deductive Arguments | Attempt to give conclusive support for the conclusion. (Valid or invalid) “If (antecedent), then (consequent)” |
| Inductive Arguments | Attempt to give likely or probable support for the conclusion (strong or weak) |
| Sound Arguments | Arguments with all true premises and must be valid. |
| 4 Deductive Argument Forms | 2 Valid: Affirming the Antecedent, Deny the Consequent 2 Invalid: Affirming the Consequent, Deny the Antecedent |
| Strong Argument | Provides likely support for the conclusion |
| Cogent | Strong argument with all true premises |
| Uncogent | Strong arguments with untrue premises. Weak arguments are uncogent. |
| 3 Inductive Argument Forms | Generalization, Analogy, Inference to the best explanation |
| Generalization | Making an inference from a sample to a larger population |
| Analogy | Inferences based upon similarities between two things |
| Inference to the best explanation | Scope: The more a hypothesis explains the more likely it is to be true. Simplicity: The fewer adhoc additions the stronger the hypothesis. |
| Fallacies (4) | Slippery Slope, Attacking the Person, Straw Man Argument, Inappropriate Appeal to Authority |
| Slippery Slope | Claiming a chain reaction will occur when there is not good reason to believe it will |
| Attacking the Person | Attacking the person rather than their argument |
| Straw Man Argument | Distorting your opponent’s argument to attack it more easily. |
| Principle of Charity | Making your opponent’s argument sound better then counter it. Makes it harder for the opponent to defend. Opposite of Straw Man. |
| Inappropriate Appeal to Authority | A person speaking outside of their area of expertise. |
| General Normative Moral Theories (8) | Ethics is the Law, Golden Rule, Subjective-relativism, Cultural Relativism, Ethics is religion, Ethical Egoism, Phychological Egoism, Utilitarianism |
| Ethics is the Law | An act is right if it is legal. Criticism: many legal acts are immoral, vice versa |
| Golden Rule | Treat others the way you want to be treated. Criticism: Not everyone wants to be treated the same way. |
| Subjective-relativism | An act is right if you believe it is right, ethics is a matter of opinion. Criticism: If true, then no one could be mistaken in their moral beliefs. |
| Cultural Relativism | An act is right for you if your culture approves if the act, vice versa. Advantage: Individuals can be mistaken Criticism: What is your true culture? If true, than cultures could not be mistaken. |
| Ethics is Religion | An act is right if God approves. Advantage: Individuals can be mistaken in their moral beliefs if they go against God’s will. Criticism: Whatever God says must be true. |
| Ethical Egoism (normative) | An act is right if it is in your self interest. Criticism: Other people’s interests matter |
| Psychological Egoism (descriptive) | People can only act in their own self interests. |
| Utilitarianism | An act is right if it brings the most overall happiness, everyone considered equally. Advantage: Frequently used, often gives the right answer. Criticism: Ends don’t justify the means. The measure of happiness is difficult. |
| Kant | It is the intentions that matter not the consequences. Kant believes we are moral beings because we are rational. |
| Rational | Free will, act on reason |
| Categorial Imperative Version 1 | |
| Act only on the maximums which at the same time can be willed to be a universal law. | |
| Universal Law | Can and would be willing for everyone to follow the rule. |
| Categorial Imperative Version 2 | Act always to treat others and yourself as an end and never as a means only. Don’t use people. |
| Result of Kant | Perfect duties must always be followed no exceptions. |
| Imperfect Duties | Must be followed but when and how is up to you. Duty to others and duties to self |
| Duty to Others | Help others (charity) |
| Duties to self | Develop your talents |
| Criticism for Kant | There are no exceptions to the perfect duties. Treating someone as a means only is at times permissible. |
| Virtue Ethics (4) | Looks at what makes a person rather than what makes a good act. Criticism: It is tough to know how to act *Virtues, Courage, Generosity, Honesty |
| Virtues | Character traits manifested in habitual action that are good for a person to have. Virtues are means between extremes. |
| Courage | Middle between fool and a coward. |
| Generosity | Middle between too generous and a scrooge |
| Honesty | Middle of a liar and someone who is blunt. |
| Ross’ Moral Duties (8) | Duty of Fidelity, Duty of Gratitude, Duty of Reparation, Duty of Beneficence, Duty of Justice, Duty of Self Improvement, Duty of Non-Maleficence, Duty of Care |
| Duty of Fidelity | Duties resting on a promise |
| Duty of Gratitude | Helping those who have helped you |
| Duty of Reparation | We should repair harms done |
| Duty of Beneficence | Help others, overall happiness |
| Duty of Non-Maleficence | Do no harm |
| Duty of Care (Ethics of Care) | We have moral obligations to those we care about. Criticism: We can care too much or too little. |
| Criticism of Ross | How do we determine which duties are strongest when they come into conflict? |
| Corporations | Have stockholders and managers |
| Corporate Social Responsibility (3) | Economic Theory, Moral Minimum Theory, Stakeholder Theory |
| The Economic (Stockholder) Theory | Managers have one responsibility and that is to legally increase profits for the stockholders. |
| Arguments for Economic Theory (2) | Property Rights Argument, Utilitarian Argument |
| The Property Rights Argument | It is not the manager’s money. They should make profit with the money and it is stealing to use it for any other purpose. |
| The Utilitarian Argument | Corporations/individuals should act self-interestly for that results in overall happiness. |
| Moral Minimum Theory | Corporations should maximize profits after they have made sure they have caused no harm. |
| The Stakeholder Theory | Corporations have moral obligations to all stakeholders. The overall good of the stakeholders must be considered. Criticism: What is the right balance? Which stakeholders get priority? |
| Narrow Stakeholders | Stockholders, employees, suppliers, customers, loyal community |
| Wide Stakeholders | Anyone affected by the corporate actions |
| B-Corp | Have a dual purpose: a) make a profit, b) do good in the world. They ride the line of for profit and non-profit |
| Moral Corporate Culture | A company should follow the law. Employees are empowered to do the right thing. Moral habits are developed. Ethical audits are done. |
Created by:
Parker H.
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