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Language levels
Grammar
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Morpheme | The smallest grammatical unit. |
| Free morpheme | A morpheme that can stand on its own as a word. |
| Affix (or bound morpheme) | A morpheme that cannot stand on its own as a word, but combines with others to create a new word. |
| Phrase | A group of words centred around a head word. |
| Head word | The central word in a phrase which gives the phrase its name (e.g. noun phrase, adjective phrase) and may be modified by other words. |
| Modification | The adding of additional words to provide more detail to a head word in a phrase either before it (pre-modification) or after it (post-modification). |
| Clause | A group of words centred around a verb, which may be either grammatically complete (main clause) or incomplete (subordinate clause). |
| Active voice | A clause where the agent (doer) of an action is the subject. |
| Passive voice | A clause where the patient (the entity affected by an action) is in the subject position, and the agent either follows or is left out. |
| Tense | How the time of an event is marked (usually through verb inflection): past, present & future* (*it is debatable whether the future tense exists in English). |
| Aspect | Another element of marking the time of an event, by specifying whether they are progressive (ongoing) or perfective (completed). |
| Coordination | The joining of two or more independent clauses via co-ordinating conjunctions. Single words and longer phrases can also be co-ordinated. |
| Subordination | The joining of two or more clauses where only one is independent (the main clause) and the others dependent (subordinate clause/clauses). |
| Sentence | A larger unit of meaning, which may be formed of a single clause (simple sentence) or several clauses (compound or complex sentences). Minor sentences are sentences without a verb. |
| Sentence function | The purpose a sentence fulfils in communication: as a statement, question, command or exclamation. These are also referred to in many grammar books as (respectively): declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives and exclamatives. |
| Word class | The grammatical category into which words can be placed, including noun, adjective, verb, adverb, determiner, pronoun, preposition, conjunction. |
Created by:
MB-J
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