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describe the likely response of Andean hummingbirds to climate change
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predict the birds probability of surviving climate change
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bio test 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| describe the likely response of Andean hummingbirds to climate change | they will move higher up the mountain |
| predict the birds probability of surviving climate change | high Hb and high location= bad (no where to go) low Hb and low to moderate location= bad |
| why is Dr.Schul studying katydids even though he does not care about them | they have a good system to study questions like what genetic changed cause diversity and how do hearing systems detect new and important sounds |
| why are we still talking about geese | they are a framework for many biological concepts (everything we have learned) |
| viruses do not contain | cellular machinery |
| simple viruses | genetic material inside a protein coat (capsid) |
| viruses cant reproduce without | help from a host cell |
| viruses are categorized based on | capsid size and shape, genetic material, envelope |
| virus shapes | helical, spherical, head tail |
| virus genetic materials | mRNA vs DNA, positive sense: can be read directly or negative sense: must be translated |
| virus envelopes | present or absent |
| steps of virus replication | 1. attach to surface of cell via receptor (must be a perfect fit) 2. enter cell or inject viral genome 3. viral genes direct cell to make viral proteins 4. viral proteins assembled into new virions 5. new virions leave cell |
| features of corona virus | 1.spherical 2.contain positive sense RNA 3. enveloppe present |
| two pathways by which sarscov2 enters cells | endocytotic pathway and receptor mediated fusion |
| endocytotic pathway | virus taken into endosome and is membrane bound |
| receptor mediated fusion | bind to receptor on cell surface and empty genes |
| how does the spike protein initiate infection | it binds to ACE2 receptors on our cells |
| how do ACE and ACE2 maintain homeostasis | ACE: makes ANGII, increases and inflammation ACE2: breaks down ANGII, decreases bp and tissue damage |
| how is the ACE and ACE2 homeostasis disrupted with sarscov2 | ACE2 receptor's lost so to much ANGII more inflammation and cell damage |
| covid genome | 29 genes, makes extra copies of viral RNA, assembles new virus particles, block ribosomes from translating host mRNA |
| open reading frame | stretch of RNA translated all at once |
| what is the difference between a structural and non structural protein | structural makes capsids, nonstructural makes viruses |
| how does the virus evade the host immune system | methylated cap to disguise as normal mRNA |
| how genetic variations affect the immune system | changes its ability with memory cells to fight off infections |
| two general parts of vertebrates immune system | innate and acquired |
| innate immune system | all animals, detects and fights pathogens, recruits immune cells to site of infection, activates the acquired IS |
| acquired immune system | only vertebrates, induce secondary response, results in mild or no symptoms |
| how does acquired immune system lead to immunity | memory cells know how to fight viruses who have already infected the cell |
| types of vaccines commonly used | heterotypic, inactivated, attenuates, toxoid, subunit |
| steps of clinical testing for vaccine | 1. preclinical: testing in animals 2. phase 1: asses safety in small healthy sample of people 3. phase 2: measure effects on more diverse group 4. phase 3: asses immunity in more natural setting 5. phase 4: monitor adverse effects/ immunity |
| BioNTech/Pfizer | mRNA that codes for covid gene enclosed in lipid nanoparticle |
| moderna | like pfizer but can be stroed in normal fridge/freezer |
| Johnson and Johnson | modified adenovirus containing DNA for spike protein (more stable than MRNA=stored longer) |
| Describe the changes that typically need to occur in a virus to enable host-jumping | access new host cell, utilize cells machinery, avoid cells immune responses , transmit easily |
| Explain why the ability of a respiratory virus to spread among people is influenced by the locations of susceptible cells in the respiratory system | upper respiratory= less deadly, spreads easier lower respiratory= more deadly harder to spread |
| Explain why viruses that move from bats to other animals often cause severe illness. | they have unusually effective immune system which selects for virus strains with high replication rates |
| What makes bat immune system so effective | strong antiviral response but minimal inflammation |
| Why did bats evolve such a good immune system | Flight requires very high metabolic rate |
| why scientists hypothesize that SARS-CoV-2 had an intermediate host, rather than moving directly from bats to humans | the S protein on the bats strain does not fit the human ACE2 receptor |
| why was the covid vaccine able to be developed so quickly | overlapping of clinical testing phase to create a compressed time table |
Created by:
mrmhky
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