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Practice Exam
Human Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? Viruses Tapeworms Bacteria Protozoa | Tapeworms |
| Negative-feedback mechanisms: minimize changes in blood glucose levels. maintain homeostasis. are responsible for an increased rate of sweating when air temperature is higher than body temperature. All of the above are correct. | All of the Above |
| Positive-feedback control systems: have no effect on the deviation from set point. accelerate a change. ignore a change. do not exist in human systems. | Accelerate a change |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | Viruses |
| Intrinsic control: usually involves the endocrine or nervous system. operates at the cellular level. is sometimes called autoregulation. operates at the system or organism level. | is sometimes called autoregulation |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| Homeostasis can best be described as: | a state of relative constancy |
| Negative-feedback control systems: oppose a change. accelerate a change. have no effect on the deviation from set point. establish a new set point. | oppose a change |
| The normal reading or range of normal is called the: | a set point |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | the course of disease development |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | peptide bonds |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? They both contain glycerol. They both contain fatty acids. They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. All of the above | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | steroids |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| DNA: is a single strand of nucleotides. contains the sugar ribose. is a double-helix strand of nucleotides. transports amino acids during protein synthesis. | is a double-helix strand of nucleotides. |
| Which of the following is not true of carbohydrates? They include substances commonly called sugars. They are the body’s primary source of energy. They are a part of both DNA and RNA. All of the above are true of carbohydrates. | All of the above are true of carbohydrates. |
| Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics? | Both have a ring structure in their molecule |
| Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | Primary |
| Unsaturated fats: contain all the hydrogen atoms they can hold. contain only single bonds between carbon atoms. are usually solids at room temperature. will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms. | will kink or bend because of the double bonds between the carbon atoms. |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? Structural and functional Chemical and functional Structural and chemical Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis | Structural and functional |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body. | Glycogen |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | Dehydration synthesis |
| The amino group in an amino acid is: NH3+. COO–. symbolized by the letter R. SO2. | NH3+ |
| The term glycoprotein, a combination of two words, tells you that the compound is made of _____ and _______, with _____ being the dominant component. | carbohydrate and protein; protein |
| If one side of a DNA molecule is CTAGGCTG, the other side would be: | GATCCGAC |
| An individual’s entire set of DNA can be referred to as a: | Genome |
| A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding site, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane. This describes the process of: | carrier-mediated transport. |
| The correct order of the phases of mitosis is: | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| Diffusion requires: a semipermeable membrane. a concentration gradient. ions. none of the above. | a concentration gradient |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to: | Hypertrophy |
| A DNA molecule is characterized by all of the following except: double helix shape. obligatory base pairing. ribose sugar. phosphate groups. | Ribose sugar |
| Which is not true about the sodium and potassium pump? It uses cellular energy. Sodium moves into the cell and potassium moves out of the cell. A carrier system is used. It can move substances against their concentration gradient. | Sodium moves into the cell and potassium moves out of the cell. |
| Materials can be moved from a low concentration to a high concentration through: | Active transport |
| A sequence of three bases forms a(n): | Codon |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be: | an even exchange of material across the membrane. |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? | Prophase |
| Water will move through the cell membrane by: | Osmosis |
| If a sequence of nitrogen bases in nucleic acid were A-U-C-G-A, which of the following would be true about the nucleic acid? | It contains Ribose Sugar |
| All of the following occur as a result of meiosis except: chromosome number remains at 46. primitive sex cells become mature gametes. the cells become haploid. meiosis occurs in two steps. | chromosome number remains at 46. |
| Phagocytosis is an example of: exocytosis. endocytosis. passive transport. facilitated diffusion. | Endocytosis |
| Which of the following epithelial functions is a primary activity of glandular epithelium? Protection Secretion Sensation Excretion | Secretion |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: mesenchyme. blastocyst. endoderm. ectoderm. | mesenchyme. |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | Connective |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of connective tissue? Typically holds its cells together tightly by means of desmosomes Protects the body from foreign invaders Supports the body Transports substances throughout the body | Typically holds its cells together tightly by means of desmosomes |
| The type of tissue that contains cells called neurons is called: | Nervous |
| Areolar tissue usually contains which types of cells in the greatest number? | Fibroblasts |
| Which type of tissue has the greatest capacity to regenerate? Muscle Nervous Epithelial All of the above tissue have about equal ability to regenerate. | Epithelial |
| Mucous membranes are important because they lubricate and protect passageways. True False | True |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of skeletal muscles? Having one nucleus per cell Being attached to bone Having striations Having voluntary or “willed” muscles | Having one nucleus per cell |
| Which is not a function of epithelial tissue? Absorption Secretion Assimilation Protection | Assimilation |
| Bones act as a reservoir for which of the following minerals? Copper Calcium Phosphorus Both A and B | Calcium & Phosphorus |
| As the activity of osteoblasts increases, the: level of calcium in the blood increases. amount of calcium in bone increases. level of calcium in the blood decreases. Both B and C occur. | Both B and C occur. |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the | Scapula |
| In the epiphyseal plate, the zone of hypertrophy is in the _____ layer. | Third |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete additional calcium. additional matrix. less calcium. less matrix. | additional matrix. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the diaphysis? Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle Hollow Composed of compact bone All of the above are characteristics of the diaphysis. | Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle |
| An age-related skeletal disease that is characterized by loss of bone mineral density and increased bone fragility is | osteoporosis. |
| Which of the following is not one of the primary functions performed by bones? Mineral storage Protection Hormonal production Hematopoiesis | Hormonal production |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the epiphyses? Made of spongy bone Cylindrical in shape Contain red bone marrow All of the above are characteristics of the epiphyses | Cylindrical in shape |
| Hematopoiesis is carried out in the: | Red bone marrow |
| In bone growth, the medullary cavity is enlarged because of the activity of: osteoclasts. osteocytes. osteoblasts. chondrocytes. | osteoclasts. |
| A condition that is caused by an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature is | kyphosis. |
| In intramembranous ossification, the process of appositional growth refers to the: | addition of an outside layer of osseous tissue on flat bones. |
| After the age of 50, the density of bone: levels off & maintains its composition decreases slowly - a shift in the remodeling activity. increases slowly - a shift in the remodeling activity. decreases slowly because of changes in diet. | decreases slowly because of a shift in the remodeling activity. |
| The human hand has greater dexterity than the forepaw of any animal because of the freely movable joint of the: | Thumb |
| Cross-bridges are also called: | Myosin-heads |
| The knee joint is an example of a _____ joint. | Hinge |
| Which type of joint joins the two pubic bones together? | Symphysis |
| Glucose can be stored in the muscle as: | Glycogen |
| The opposite of dorsiflexion is: | plantar flexion |
| The type of movement that occurs when the head is dropped to the shoulder, then to the chest, to the other shoulder, and toward the back is: | circumduction. |
| Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is incorrect? Cardiac muscle requires nervous stimulation to contract. Cardiac muscle is also called striated involuntary muscle. Cardiac muscle contains intercalated disks. All | Cardiac muscle requires nervous stimulation to contract. |
| Which type of muscle does not have T-tubules? Smooth Cardiac Striated All muscles have T-tubules. | Smooth |
| Which of the following is not a part of the neuromuscular junction? T-tubules Motor neuron Motor end plate All of the structures are part of the neuromuscular junction. | T-tubules |
| A condyloid joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint. | biaxial |
| The substance that attracts oxygen in the myoglobin molecule is: hemoglobin. calcium. iron. ATP. | Iron |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition? | Saddle |
| Which structure functions to temporarily store calcium ions? | Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| The lactate produced by anaerobic respiration is converted back to glucose in the: | Liver |
| Painful muscle contractions or involuntary twitches are called: | Cramps |
| Neurotransmitters are released in a synapse and bind to: | receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. |
| Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters? Triglycerides Amines Amino acids Neuropeptides | Triglycerides |
| During a relative refractory period: the action potential cannot be initiated. a resting potential exists. the cell membrane is impermeable to Na+ and K+. the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus. | the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus. |
| Which of the following is true of spatial summation? Simultaneous stimulation of more than one postsynaptic neuron occurs. Neurotransmitters released simultaneously from several presynaptic knobs converge on one postsynaptic neuron. | Neurotransmitters released simultaneously from several presynaptic knobs converge on one postsynaptic neuron. |
| Excitatory neurotransmitters are most likely to: increase the speed of impulse conduction. make the cell membrane impermeable. initiate an action potential. make the resting potential more negative. | initiate an action potential. |
| Which of the following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? Nitric oxide Acetylcholine Carbon monoxide All of the above are used by the body as neurotransmitters. | All of the above are used by the body as neurotransmitters. |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately _____ meters per second. | 130 |
| A slight shift away from the resting membrane potentials in a specific region of the plasma membrane is called a _____ potential. | Local |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? A small-diameter neuron without myelin A large-diameter neuron without myelin A large-diameter neuron with myelin A small-diameter neuron with myelin | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called: | saltatory conduction. |
| The neurotransmitter(s) that inhibit(s) the conduction of pain impulses is(are): | enkephalins. |
| The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron’s membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are): | potassium. |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse: two nerve fibers come in direct contact. impulses will pass in either direction. an electrical spark will jump the gap. chemical transmitters are released. | chemical transmitters are released. |
| For a neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, which of the following channels must open? | Potassium and/or chloride channels |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | Amines |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
| Which of the following is not associated with the oculomotor nerve? Movement of external eye muscles Closing and opening of the eye (blink reflex) Movement of intrinsic eye muscles Proprioception of eye muscles | Closing and opening of the eye (blink reflex) |
| Which of the following is not an example of sympathetic stimulation? Constriction of the bronchioles Decreased secretion of the pancreas Constriction of the urinary sphincters Dilation of skeletal muscle blood vessels | Constriction of the bronchioles |
| Which of the following is not true of the knee jerk reflex? It is a flexor reflex. It is an ipsilateral reflex. It is a spinal cord reflex. It does not have to involve the brain. | It is a flexor reflex. |
| One bundle of nerve fibers (nerve roots) projects from each side of the spinal cord. True or False | False |
| Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: | preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. |
| The spinal tract that is located in the side of the cord, originates in the brain, and terminates in the spinal cord is the _____ tract. | lateral corticospinal |
| Impulses from the _____ play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum. | Thalamus |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. | False |
| Propranolol is an example of a: beta blocker. drug used to treat irregular heartbeats. drug used to treat hypertension. All of the above are correct. | All of the above |
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? Group of answer choices Production of hormones “Go between” of the psyche and the soma Appetite center Regulation of motor activity | Regulation of motor activity |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: | Medulla |
| Nerves that innervate the floor of the pelvic cavity and some of the surrounding areas are found in the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| The part of the brain that assists in the maintenance of balance is the: | cerebellum. |
| The preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic. True or False | True |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone. |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness? | Thalamus |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? Skin Tendons Internal organs Skeletal muscles | Internal Organs |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: | the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA. |
| Which of the following is a function of glucagon? Promotes the entry of glucose into tissue cells Tends to decrease blood glucose concentrations Tends to increase blood glucose concentrations Converts glucose into glycogen | Tends to increase blood glucose concentrations |
| When you are looking at a large green field, which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain? | M |
| True about pain receptors? Alpha fibers respond to chronic pain. Alpha fibers are associated to dull, aching pain. Alpha fibers are associated to sharp, localized pain. Beta fibers are associated to sharp, localized pain. | Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. |
| Which is not true of the hormone somatostatin? It is produced by the delta cells of the pancreas. It inhibits the secretion of glucagon. It stimulates the secretion of insulin. Both B and C are not true | It stimulates the secretion of insulin. |
| Movement of hair cells in the organ of Corti against the _____ membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition. | Tectorial |
| The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is: | protein kinases activate other enzymes. |
| All of the following are nonsteroid hormones except: oxytocin. calcitonin. cortisol. glucagon. | Cortisol |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | corticotrophs. |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | crista ampullaris |
| Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland? It is located on the dorsal aspect of the diencephalon. Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. It produces melatonin. All of the above are true | Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| Factors that affect the strength of myocardial contraction are called | inotropic factors. |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin. |
| The localized pressure gradient needed to maintain blood flow in a tissue is called | perfusion pressure. |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of: | polycythemia. |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| The vagus is said to act as a “brake” on the heart. This situation is called | vagal inhibition. |
| _____, a natural constituent of blood, acts as an antithrombin and prevents clots from forming in vessels. | Herapin |
| Cardiac output is determined by | stroke volume and heart rate. |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis. |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis. |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | lacteals. |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | Species Resistance |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells. |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called | lymphokinetic activities. |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cells. |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. | Skin |
| What is the function of the spleen? Group of answer choices tissue repair hematopoiesis red blood cell and platelet destruction blood reservoir all of the above | All of the above |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | spleen |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte. |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antigen’s epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecule’s antigen-binding site. |
| A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is: | Cheyne-Stokes respiration. |
| Excessive fluid in the pleural cavity would be most likely to cause: | decreased vital capacity. |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. | 160 |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen?One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| The PCO2 in the atmosphere is: less than in the alveolar air. greater than in the alveolar air. equal to the alveolar air. greater than arterial blood. | less than in the alveolar air. |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the: | inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood. Ranking them from greatest to least amount carried, the sequence would be: | bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma. |
| If a person were skiing high up in the mountains, she might feel that she is having trouble breathing (getting enough oxygen in her blood). This is because the: | lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less. |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| Which muscles are used for forced expiration? | Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the: | Small Intestine |
| The process of fat emulsification consists of: | breaking fats into small droplets. |
| Which phase(s) of gastric secretion is(are) stimulated by the sight, taste, and smell of food? | Cephalic phase |
| The hormone thought to be a messenger causing release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa is: | vasoactive intestinal peptide. |
| The purpose of peristalsis is to: | propel food forward along the GI tract. |
| The enzyme pepsin begins the digestion of: | Protein |
| An end product of fat digestion is: | glycerol. |
| Which of the processes of mechanical digestion involves the esophagus? Deglutition Peristalsis Churning Both A and B | Both A and B |
| When classified according to the kind of chemical reactions catalyzed, digestive enzymes are referred to as _____ enzymes. | hydrolyzing |
| The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called: | gastric inhibitory peptide. |
| The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile is: | cholecystokinin. |
| The process of swallowing is known as: | deglutition. |
| Which of the following is not one of the openings that must be blocked when food moves from the pharynx into the esophagus? | Oropharynx |
| Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver? | Portal Vein |
| Which of these is not an example of mechanical digestion? Moistening the food Changing food from large to small particles Propelling food through the digestive tract All of the above are examples of mechanical digestion. | Moistening the food |
| Which of the following is not one of the seven basic solutions used for parenteral therapy? | Liquid protein |
| The regulation of acid-base balance in the body fluids refers to the control of _____ ion concentration. | hydrogen |
| Which of the following would have the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions? pH 2 pH 6 pH 8 pH 10 | pH 2 |
| Edema may occur when: sodium is retained in the extracellular fluid an increase in capillary blood pressure occurs. a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins normally retained in the blood occurs. alll of the above | all of the above |
| In accordance with the physical laws governing filtration and osmosis | Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw fluid back into the capillaries. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is part of the _____ fluid. | extracellular |
| Ketone bodies are associated with cellular metabolism of: | Fats |
| Which of the following is not considered a “transcellular fluid”? Lymph Cerebrospinal fluid The humors of the eye Joint fluid | Lymph |
| When the effective filtration pressure equals zero: | no net transfer of water occurs between blood and interstitial fluid. |
| Which of the following is not a method used for parenteral administration? Intravenous Subcutaneous Intramuscular By mouth | By mouth |
| Which of the following pairs are almost identical when compared chemically? Plasma and intracellular fluid Plasma and interstitial fluid Interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid | Plasma and interstitial fluid |
| What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid? | Potassium |
| When the kidney secretes hydrogen ions, it primarily reabsorbs _____ ions. | Sodium |
| Water normally leaves the body through _____ exits. | Four |
| Which of the following would be important in treating metabolic alkalosis? Chloride ions Bicarbonate ions Sodium ions Potassium ions | Chloride ions |
| The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is the same as the: | postmenstrual phase. |
| The major function of the reproductive system is propagation of the species. True or False | True |
| Fertilization of an ovum most often occurs in the: | fallopian tube. |
| What reproductive duct is divided into the head, body, and tail? | Epididymis |
| Which of the following glands is not a paired accessory gland of the male reproductive system? | Prostate |
| The phase of the menstrual cycle that occurs between the expulsion of the ovum from the ovary and the onset of menses is the _____ phase. | luteal |
| Testosterone is responsible for producing secondary sex characteristics. True or False | True |
| The foreskin in the male is also known as the: | prepuce. |
| Which of the following functions is not usually associated with the uterus? Menstruation Fertilization Gestation All of the above are associated | Fertilization |
| Which of the following is not a function of the Sertoli cells? They produce testosterone. They produce androgen-binding protein. They form the blood-testis barrier. All of the above are functions | They produce testosterone. |
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