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Tissues/Integument
A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are tissues? | a group of cells acting together to provide a function |
| What is epithelial tissue? | it covers and lines membranes |
| What are glands? | cells the manufacture and discharge a secretion |
| Which glands have no ducts, secrete directly into the blood or lymph and make hormones? | endocrine glands |
| Which glands have ducts, secrete into localized area, onto or into a cavity? | exocrine glands |
| What are unicellular exocrine glands? | they have one cell (goblet cells) |
| What are multicellular exocrine glands? | they have a secretory unit and a duct |
| Which exocrine gland is exocytosis? ex. sweat and salivary glands | merocrine gland |
| Which exocrine gland is when the cell is destroyed? ex. sebaceous glands | holocrine glands |
| Which exocrine gland wraps secretion in cell membrane? ex. musk glands and pheremones | apocrine glands |
| What tissues make up membranes? | epithelium and connective tissue |
| What do membranes line? | body cavities, separate organs, cover surfaces |
| Which epithelial membrane lines cavities in contact with the outside environment? | mucous membranes |
| Which epithelial membrane lines enclosed body cavities and covers the organs within them? | serous membranes |
| Which serous membrane lines the abdominal cavity and the organs? | peritoneal |
| Which serous membrane lines the pleural cavity? | pleural |
| Which serous membrane surrounds the heart? | pericardial |
| What does visceral mean? | covering the organ |
| What does parietal mean? | lining the cavity |
| Which epithelial membrane lines the integument and skin? | cutaneous |
| What is the epidermis? | stratified squamous epithelium |
| What is the dermis? | dense regular connective tissue |
| Which connective tissue lines the joint cavities? | synovial |
| What is step one of tissue healing and repair? | inflammation |
| What happens during inflammation? | there is vasodilation and leaky capillaries, platelets stink to wound area, fibrin tightens clot and forms scab, phagocytic cells remove debris |
| What is step two of tissue healing and repair? | organization |
| What happens during organization? | collagen fibers form net under scab, capillaries grow into collagen, produces barrier the is resistant to disease, vascular and not sensitive |
| What is step three of tissue healing and repair? | regeneration or fibrosis |
| What happens during regeneration? | epithelium grows over granulation bed and under scab, fibrin in granulation tissue tightens pulling wound together, scar determined by how much dried granulation tissue is exposed after epithelial growth is complete |
| What is first intension healing? | suture, scratch |
| What is second and third intension healing? | fibrous scar |
| What is integument? | all the external structures of the animal like skin, hair, nails, claws, hoofs, horns, and glands |
| What are the functions of the integument? | protection, thermoregulation, excretion of wastes, and synthesis of vitamin D |
| What does integument protect? | mechanical, biological, radiant, chemical |
| Which is the outer layer of the skin? | epidermis |
| Which is the deep layer of the skin? | endodermis |
| Which layer of the skin has connective and adipose tissue that cushions and provides movement over the muscles? | hypodermis |
| What is the epidermis made of? | stratified squamous epithelium |
| Is the epidermis vascular or avascular? | avascular |
| What is the dermis made of? | fibroelastic connective tissue |
| Which layer of the skin is the toughest? | dermis |
| What does the dermis contain? | blood vessels, hair follicles, glands, nerve endings and smooth muscle |
| What is pigmentation determined by? | melanocytes |
| What happens in pigmentation? | the release is controlled by melanin stimulating hormone(pituitary) |
| What are paw pads made from? | 5 layered epidermis over connective tissue and thick adipose cushion |
| Do paw pads have eccrine sweat glands? | yes, they have many |
| What is the planum nasale? | the nose of dogs, cats, sheep and pigs |
| What is the planum nasale made of? | polygonal plates of thickened skin |
| What is the planum nasolabiale? | the muzzle of cows and horses |
| What are dry patches of thick skin? | ergots and chestnuts |
| What is hair growth stimulated by? | genetics and environmental factors |
| What is the anatomy of the fur? | shaft, root, follicle |
| What is the arrector pili? | when hair stands straight up on the skin |
| What are the phases of hair growth? | anagen - growing telogen - resting |
| What are the layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial? | basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum |
| What are the types of hair? | primary, secondary, tactile |
| What is secondary hair? | it is used for warmth, it is closer to the skin |
| What is tactile hair? | it is attached to nerve endings, ex. whiskers |
| What are the shapes of hair? | round - straight hair oval - wavy flat - curly |
| How are claws and declaws formed? | they were epidermal in origin and are composed of keratin. they start in the basal layer in the nail bed |
| What is the corium? | the dermal core with lots of blood vessels and nerves |
| How often do antlers shed? | every year |
| What are antlers made of? | they are dermal in origin with a layer of epidermis that gets shed off as velvet |
| What are horns made of? | they are bony outgrowth of skull covered by thin layer of dermis and hard epidermal shell |
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