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a & p: exam 3
study guide for chapter 12, 13, 14, & 15
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the 5 major regions of the brain? | telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, & myelencephalon |
| a _____ is the risen portion | gyrus |
| a ______ is the depressed portion | sulcus |
| what type of matter is found in neuron cell bodies? | grey |
| what type of matter is found in axons? | white matter |
| what two structures are in the telencephalon? | cerebral hemispheres and corpus callosum |
| what are the 5 lobes of the brain? | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula |
| which 3 functional areas are found in the frontal lobe? | primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus), broca's area, and frontal eye field |
| which functional area controls voluntary skeletal muscle? | primary motor cortex |
| the left hemisphere controls the _____ side of the body | right |
| the broca's area is responsible for | speech |
| this functional area in the frontal lobe coordinates eye movement? | frontal eye field |
| the diencephalon contains the ________ and the ____________. | thalamus; hypothalamus |
| the thalamus ______ information to the primary somatosensory cortex | relays |
| the metencephalon contains these 2 structures | pons & cerebellum |
| which structure in the metencephalon houses sensory and motor tracts connecting the brain and spinal cord | pons |
| the __________ fine tunes skeletal muscle movement | cerebellum |
| the brains 3 protective mechanisms include | meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood-brain barrier |
| the 3 layers of the meninges are | pia mater, dura mater, & arachnoid mater |
| the pia mater is the _________ layer, arachnoid mater is the ______ layer, and dura mater is the _____ layer | inner; middle; outer |
| which of the brains protective mechanisms provides buoyancy, protection, environmental stability, production, and ventricle location? | cerebrospinal fluid |
| the _____-_____ _______ regulates what substances can enter into the interstitial fluid of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid | blood-brain barrier |
| meningitis can either be caused be a _________ or _____ agents | bacterial; viral |
| the olfactory nerve (Ⅰ) is responsible for | smell |
| the optic nerve (II) is responsible for | vision |
| the oculomotor nerve (III) is responsible for movement in the _____ eyelid | upper |
| the trochlear nerve (IV) is __ extrinsic eye muscle | 1 |
| the abducens nerve (VI) is the muscle that pulls eyes _________ | laterally |
| the trigeminal nerve (V) is responsible for | feeling touch on your face |
| the facial nerve (VII) is responsible for | motor nerve to face |
| the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) is responsible for _______ and _______ | balance; hearing |
| the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) is responsible for _____ and __________ | taste; swallowing |
| the vagus nerve (X) is responsible for ____ and ______ of the internal organs | rest; digest |
| the accessory nerve (XI) is responsible for ____ movement | neck |
| the hypoglossal nerve (XII) is the reason why you can move your ______. | tongue |
| the brain disorder in which neurons fire at unpredictable times/rates is | epilepsy |
| parkinson's disease is a deficiency of the _______ in the _____ | neurons; brain |
| the spinal cord begins at the ______ ______ or __. | foramen magnum; C1 |
| the spinal cord ends at the _____ __________ or __. | conus medullaris; L1 |
| the spinal nerves that run through the lumbar and sacral regions of the vertebral column are known as _____ ______ | cauda equina |
| what are the 3 types of neurons? | afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), & interneurons (association) |
| neuron cell bodies or unmyelinated axons are ____ matter | grey |
| myelinated axons are _____ matter | white |
| the reflex arc is the __________ relex | withdrawl |
| the congenital defect where 1+ vertebrae fail to form a complete vertebral arch for enclosure of the spinal cord is known as | spina bifida |
| ___________, caused by the poliovirus, destroys motor neurons in brainstem and ventral horn of spinal cord | poliomyelitis |
| ___ ______'_ disease, or ALS, is the destruction of motor neurons and muscular atrophy | Lou Gehrig’s disease |
| what type of division transmits impulses from the sensory receptors to the CNS | afferent; sensory |
| which division transmits impulses from the CNS to the effector organs? | efferent (motor) |
| all neurons have these 3 structures | cell body, dendrite, & axon |
| what are the 3 structural classifications of neurons? | pseudounipolar, bipolar, & multipolar |
| pseudounipolar neurons are __-shaped and they send a continuous ______ _________ | T-shaped; action potential |
| bipolar neurons have __ processes at ____ ___. | 2; each end |
| multipolar neurons are the most ______ and have _______ dendritic extensions & __ axon(s) | common; several; 1 |
| what are the 3 functional classifications of neurons? | afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), and interneurons (association) |
| interneurons are found within the ___ and connect ________ and _______ neurons | CNS; efferent; afferent |
| he 4 types of supporting cells found within the CNS are | oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocytes, and ependymal cells |
| the 2 types of supporting cells found within the PNS are | schwann cells & satellite cells |
| which supporting cell forms myelin sheaths around the axons of CNS neurons? | oligodendrocytes |
| which supporting cell in the CNS migrates around tissue and consumes foreign material | microglia |
| which supporting cell in the CNS regulates the external environment of the neurons? | astrocytes |
| ependymal cells are in the ___ and line the _____ cavities and secrete ____________ _____. | CNS; brain; cerebrospinal fluid |
| which supporting cell forms myelin sheaths around peripheral axons | schwann cells |
| this supporting cell is found within the PNS and supports cell bodies within the ganglia of the PNS, protective, cushioning, nutrients | satellite cells |
| oligodendrocytes can be found within the ___ and wrap ________ axons. | CNS; multiple |
| schwann cells are found in the ___ and wrap __ axon(s) | PNS; 1 |
| the action potentials are regenerated down the length of the axon in an ____________ axon | unmyelinated |
| myelin provides __________ and improves _____. | insulation; speed |
| what allows Na+ and K+ to cross the membrane? | nodes of ranvier |
| resting membrane potential is when the inside of the cells are __________ charged and the outside is __________ charged. | negatively; positively |
| The unequal distribution of charge creates a ___ resting membrane potential | -70 |
| the combination of concentration gradient and attraction to opposite charges is known as an ions ____________ ________. | electrochemical gradient |
| action potentials are caused by changes in the ____________ | permeability |
| __________ is reached when an action potential is generated | threshold |
| ______________ is when voltage gated Na+ channels open Na+ rushes into cell | depolarization |
| ______________ is when voltage gated Na+ channels inactivate, voltage gated K+ channels open K+ rushes out | repolarization |
| _______________ is when voltage gated K+ channels briefly remain open after the resting membrane potential is reached | hyperpolarization |
| the depolarization of a membrane must reach threshold before an action potential can be generated is known as the ___ __ _______ ___. | all or nothing law |
| If one neuron is signaling another neuron, the first is called the ___________ neuron, and the second is called the ____________ neuron | presynaptic; postsynaptic |
| what are the 3 elements of synapse? | presynaptic, postsynaptic, & synaptic cleft |
| the receptor protein is a ______-_____ ion channel | lingand-gated |
| Opening Na+ or Ca2+ channels results in a graded depolarization called an | EPSP |
| Opening K+ or Cl- channels in a graded hyperpolarization is called an | IPSP |
| the two types of acetylcholine receptors are _________ and _____________ | nicotinic; muscarinic |
| nicotinic ACh receptors are found on ______ cells (somatic) | muscle |
| muscarinic receptors are only innervated by _________ motor neurons | autonomic |
| an agonist is a drug that can _________ a receptor | stimulate |
| an antagonist is a drug that can _______ a receptor | inhibit |
| when stopping neurotransmitter signaling, neurotransmitters __________ from ____________ receptors | dissociate; postsynaptic |
| motor neurons that stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle are part of the _______ nervous system | somatic |
| motor neurons that stimulate multiple organs, tissues, or glands are part of the _________ nervous sytem | autonomic |
| What is the difference between Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems? | the autonomic nervous system performs involuntary functions while the somatic nervous system performs voluntary functions |
| The synapse in ganglia located near or in effector organs is called | terminal ganglia |
| ____________ neurons extends from autonomic ganglion to the effector cells | postganglionic |
| a neuron with a cell body in the CNS synapses with a second neuron outside of the CNS | preganglionic |
| the parasympathetic division involves _____________ neurons | preganglionic |
| the sympathetic division involved ______________ neurons | postganglionic |
Created by:
bellabarkley
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