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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Pineal Gland
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 axis of the hypothalamic-pituitary | Thyroidal (HPT), Gonadal (HPG), and Adrenal (HPA) |
| what does the Thyroidal (HPT) axis control | metabolism |
| what does the Gonadal (HPG) axis regulate | reproduction |
| what does the Adrenal (HPA) axis control | stress response |
| what two hormones do not have a portal system | vasopressin and oxytocin |
| t/f: the future posterior pituitary is the portal system | false |
| t/f: the future anterior pituitary is attached and part of the brain | false |
| neuro-endocrine system steps | hypothalamus -> Releasing factor -> endocrine cells -> hormone |
| t/f: anterior pituitary release TSH, ACTH, GH, LH, FSH, AND PRL | true |
| what does TSH stimulate and do | stimulate thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones T3 and T4 and increase metabolic rate |
| what does ACTH stimulate and do | stimulate adrenal cortex to release cortisol which produces metabolic actions and stress responses |
| what does GH stimulate | liver, adipose tissue, and muscle |
| what does GH inhibit | adipose tissue, muscle, and liver |
| What does GH do when it stimulates the liver | produces IGF-1 which increase bone and soft tissue growth, and also causes metabolic actions |
| What do LH and FSH stimulate and do | stimulate gonads (ovaries= fem, testes = male) to secrete sex hormone and cause gamete production |
| what does prolactin (PRL) stimulate and do | stimulate mammary glands to increase breast growth and milk secretion |
| t/f: oxytocin is responsible for milk secretion | true |
| t/f: gonadotrophs can make LH, FSH, or both | true |
| Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) effect on anterior pituitary | stimulate release of TSH and PRL |
| Cotricotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) effect on anterior pituitary | stimulate release of ACTH |
| Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) effect on anterior pituitary | stimulate release of FSH and LH |
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) effect on anterior pituitary | stimulate release of growth hormone |
| Somatostatin/Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) effect on anterior pituitary | inhibit release of growth hormone and TSH |
| Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) effect on anterior pituitary | stimulate release of prolactin |
| dopamine/prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PRH) effect on anterior pituitary | inhibit release of prolactin |
| Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) | cleaves into ACTH, beta-endorphin, and MSH |
| Glycoprotein characteristics | common alpha unit, unique beta unit that interacts with receptor |
| examples of glycoproteins | TSH, FSH, and LH |
| GH and PRL family of hormone | derived from ancestral gene that forms GH, PRL, and human chorionic somatotrophin (hCG) **protein kinases** |
| how are hypophysiotropic hormones shunted to target cells in anterior pituitary | neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus release inhibiting & releasing hormones- travel down portal system - the system branches in the anterior pituitary - hormones control release of AP hormones- stimulated by hypo releasing hormone- AP hormone leaves |
| What negative feedback system does cortisol have with the hypothalamus? | Stimulates hypothalamus to secrete CRH |
| what negative feedback foes cortisol have on the anterior pituitary | inhibit anterior pituitary to inhibit ACTH |
| somatotrope | secrete GH -> growth and metabolism |
| thyrotrope | secrete TSH -> secrete TH |
| corticotrope | secrete ACTH -> stimulate cortisol release |
| gonadotrope | secrete FSH and LH |
| what does FSH do | regulate gamete production and estrogen secretion |
| what does LH do | control sex hormone secretions; ovulation and lutenization |
| lactotrope | secrete PRL -> breast development and lactatation |
| what is the only non-tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary | lactotrope |
| vasopressin on the nephrons in the kidneys does what | increases permeability of distal and collecting tubules to water |
| vasopressin on the arterioles in the body does what | causes vasoconstriction or arteries and arterioles |
| oxytocin on the uterus does what | stimulate uterine contractions |
| oxytocin on the mammary glands does what | stimulates milk ejection during breastfeeding |
| t/f: oxytocin is responsible for milk production | false |
| Vasopressin Feedback Loop- Osmolarity affect | ↑ osmolarity to stimulate hypothalamic osmoreceptors to stimulate hypothalamic neurons to ↑ thirst and vasopressin- thirst ↑ water intake-ADH ↑ water permeability and reabsorption to ↓ urine output- both ↓ plasma osmolarity as relief |
| Vasopressin Feedback Loop- ECF Volume affect | ↓ ECF vol causes ↓ arterial BP to stim(+) left atrial volume receptors to stim(+) hypothalmic neurons ↑ thirst & vasopressin- ↑ thirst ↑ h2o intake- ↑ADH ↑ h2o permeability and reabsorption to ↓ urine output-- both ↑ plasma vol to relieve ECF vol and ABP |
| Oxytocin Positive Feedback Cycle | ↑ estrogen- ↑ gap junctions allow contraction and ↑receptors which both ↑ uterine responsiveness to low oxytocin- ↑ uterine contractions to push fetus against cervix to stim ↑ oxytocin secretion which stim ↑ prostaglandin production to ↑ # of contractions |
| Suckling Feedback cycle- Oxytocin | suckling stim mechanoreceptors in nipple to stim hypothalamus- go to nervous pathway to stim posterior pituitary to ↑ oxytocin to stim contraction of myoepithelial cells to cause milk ejection |
| Suckling Feedback cycle- Prolactin | suckling stim mechanoreceptors in nipple to stim hypothalamus- ↓ prolactin inhibiting hormone or ↑ prolactin-releasing hormone to stim anterior pituitary to ↑ Prolactin to stim secretion by alveolar epithelial cells to ↑ milk secretion |
| main regulator of circadian rhythm | super chiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
| Melanopsin | contain retina ganglion cells that sense light changes |
| what does melanopsin stimulate and what does it do | SCN to synthesize clock proteins and causes pineal gland to release melatonin to help synchronize the rhythm with the light-dark cycle |
| what do clock proteins and BMAL1 produce | CRY and PER |
| What hormones use the cAMP pathway | LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH, vasopressin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, glucagon, PTH, CRH, GHRH, somatostatin, and calcitonin |
| what hormones use the IP3/DAG pathway | TRH, GnRH, oxytocin |
| what hormones use the tyrosine kinase pathway | insulin, IGF1 and IGF2 |
| what hormones use the JAK/STAT pathway | GH and PRL |
| what hormones use the hormone-response elements on DNA | all lipophilic hormones: TH, cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, vitamin D |
| hypothalamus hormones and target cells | releasing and inhibiting hormones (TRH, CRH, GnRH, RHRH, somatostatin, PRH, dopamine)- target anterior pituitary |
| hypothalamus major function of hormones | control release of anterior pituitary hormones |
| posterior pituitary hormones and target cells | vasopressin (anti-diuretic/ADH)- target kidney tubules and arterioles oxytocin- uterus and mammary glands |
| posterior pituitary hormone major functions | ADH- increase water reabsorption (kidneys) and produce vasoconstriction (arterioles) Oxytocin- increase contractility and milk ejection |
| anterior pituitary hormones and target cells | TSH- thyroid follicular cells ACTH- adrenal cortex GH- Bone, soft tissues, & Liver FSH- Ovarian follicles & Seminiferous tubules LH- ovarian follicle & corpus luteum; interstitial cells of Leydig in testes PRL- Mammary glands |
| anterior pituitary hormone major functions of TSH, ACTH, and GH | TSH- stimulate T3&4 secretion ACTH- stimulate cortisol secretion GH- partially responsible for growth, via IGF1 stimulates proteins synthesis and bone and soft tissue growth (indirect); direct metabolic effects- mobilize fats and conserve glucose; |
| anterior pituitary hormone major functions of FSH, LH, and PRL | FSH- follicular growth & development & estrogen secretion; sperm production LH- ovulation, corpus luteum development & estrogen & prgesterone secretion; testosterone secretion PRL- breast development & milk secretion |
| pineal gland hormones and target cells | melatonin- target brain, anterior pituitary, reproductive organs, immune system |
| pineal gland hormone major functions | circadian rhythm; inhibit gonadotrophins, reduction initiates puberty, acts as antioxidant and enhance immunity |
| thyroid gland follicular cells hormones and target cells | T3 and T4- target most cells |
| thyroid gland follicular cells hormone major functions | ↑ metabolic rate- essential for normal growth and nerve development |
| thyroid gland C cells hormones and target cells | calcitonin- target bone |
| thyroid gland C cells hormones major functions | decrease plasma calcium concentration |
| adrenal cortex zones | zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis |
| zona glomerulosa hormones and target cells | aldosterone- target kidney tubules |
| zona glomerulosa hormones major functions | increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion |
| zona fasciculata and zona reticularis hormones and target cells | cortisol- most cells androgens- bone and brain for females |
| zona fasciculata and zona reticularis hormones major functions | cortisol- ↑ blood glucose at expense of protein & fat stores- stress adaptation androgens- pubertal growth spurt and sex drive |
| adrenal medulla hormones and target cells | epinephrine & norepinephrine- sympathetic receptor sites throughout the body |
| adrenal medulla hormones major functions | reinforce sympathetic nervous system and contribute to stress adaptation & blood pressure regulation |
| endocrine pancreas hormones and target cells | insulin (beta)- target most cells glucagon (alpha)- target most cells somatostatin (D cells)- target digestive system |
| endocrine pancreas hormones major functions | insulin- promote cellular uptake, use, and storage of absrobed nutrients glucagon- maintain nutrient levels in blood during postabsorptive state somatostatin- inhibit digestion & absorption of nutrients |
| parathyroid gland hormones and target cells | PTH- target bone, kidneys, and intestines |
| PTH major functions | ↑ plasma calcium concentration; ↓ plasma phosphate concentration; stimulare vitamin D activation |
| ovaries hormones and target cells | estrogen- target female sex organs and whole body & bone progesterone- uterus |
| estrogen major functions | promote follicular development; development of female secondary sexual characteristics; stimulate uterine and breast growth promote closure of the epiphyseal plate |
| progesterone major functions | prepare for pregnancy |
| testes hormones and target cells | testosterone- male sex organs and body as a whole & bone |
| testosterone major functions | stimulate sperm production; governs development of male secondary sex characteristics- promote sex drive |
| testes and ovaries hormone and target cells | inhibin target anterior pituitary |
| inhibin major functions | inhibits FSH secretion |
| Placenta hormones and target cells | estrogen and progesterone- female sex organs human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)- ovarian corpus luteum |
| estrogen and progesterone major functions | maintain pregnancy and prepare breasts for lactation |
| hCG major functions | maintain corpus luteum of pregnancy |
| kidney hormones and target cells | renin- zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex erythropoietin- bone marrow |
| renin major functions | stimulate aldosterone secretion; angiotensin 2 is also potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates thirst |
| erythropoietin major functions | stimulates erythrocyte production |
| stomach hormones and target cells | ghrelin- target hypothalamus gastrin- target digestive tract exocrine glands and smooth muscles; pancreas; liver; & gallbladder |
| ghrelin major functions | signals hunger and stimulate apetite |
| gastrin major functions | control motility and secretion to facilitate digestive and absorptive processes |
| small intestine hormones and target cells | secretin and CCK- digestive tract exocrine glands and smooth muscles; pancreas; liver; gallbladder GIP- endocrine pancreas Peptide YY- hypothalamus |
| secretin and CCK major functions | control motility and secretion to facilitate digestive and absorptive processes |
| GIP major functions | stimulates insulin secretion |
| Peptide YY major functions | signals satiety; suppresses appetite |
| liver hormones and target cells | IGF1- bone and soft tissues Thrombopoietin- bone marrow hepcidin- intestine |
| IGF1 major function | promote growth |
| thrombopoietin major function | stimulate platelet production |
| hepcidin major function | inhibit iron absorption into blood |
| skin hormone and target cells | vitamin D- intestine |
| vitamin D major function | increase absorption of ingested calcium and phosphate |
| thymus hormone and target cells | thymosin- T lymphocytes |
| thymosin major function | enhance T lymphocyte proliferation and function |
| Heart hormones and target cells | atrial and brain natiuretic peptides (ANP and BNP)- kidney tubules |
| ANP/ BNP major function | inhibit sodium resorption |
| adipose tissue hormones and target cells | leptin- target hypothalamus adipokines- target multiple sites |
| leptin major functions | suppress appetite and is important in long-term control of body weight |
| adipokines major function | play role in metabolism and inflammation |
Created by:
k.murski
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