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Physio Psy 1
lectures 1-2
| Term | Answer |
|---|---|
| Brains primary purpose | to produce behavior |
| A, B, C's of Psychology | Affect, Behavior, and Cognition |
| which of the ABC guides behaviors for survival? | Affect and Cognition |
| secondary functions of brain | Thinking/memory/learning promote good complex behaviors and reduce bad ones |
| what is dualism | mind and body are separate entities by Descartes (1640) |
| what is monism | the mind is part of the body and produced by physical workings of NS |
| Galvani 1780's found | electrical stim in frog nerves produced muscle contraction |
| Muller 1840's created | doctrine of specific nerve energies: perception is dependent on pathway the sensory info takes |
| Flourens 1815 determined | brain functions using experimental ablation |
| Broca 1861 discovered | brain region for speech in a stroke patient with speech aphasia |
| Fritsch and Hitzig 1871 produced | movement through electrical currents in dogs and discovered primary motor cortex |
| Helmholtz 1849 | measured speed of conduction through nerves 90ft/second |
| Purkinje 1850's discovered | Purkinje fibers which are neurons in brain that control the heart |
| Ramon y Cajal 1890's imaged | some of the billions of neurons in NS |
| Hodgkin and Huxley 1935 discovered | neurons conduct electrical impulses AP |
| Skinner 1938 published | The behavior of organisms |
| Axelrod, Katz, von Euler 1960 find | that neurons communicate with chemical messengers called neurotransmitters |
| Hubel and Wiesel 1979 measured | neural responses to visual stimuli in vivo |
| Carlsson, Greengard, Kandel 2000 decribe | the physiological basis of memory |
| O'keefe, Moser, and Moser discovered | place and grid cells required for spatial positioning |
| ex vivo | test tube or petri dish |
| in vivo | in living organism during behavior |
| Darwin observed | the evidence of gradual changes in organisms over time |
| functionalism | characteristics of living organisms perform useful functions (no "purposes") |
| Natural selection | survival of the fittest |
| human brains have | greater neuron density |
| neoteny | slow process of neuron maturation |
| Plasma membrane | semi-permeable and phospholipid bilayer |
| cytoplasm | jelly-like substance that fills the cell and contains organelles |
| cytoskeleton | gives cell its shape and structure (microtubules are the thickest) |
| ribosomes | responsible for translation to produce proteins |
| fixed ribosomes | attached to the RER |
| free ribosomes | found in cytoplasm |
| Rough ER | controls protein production |
| Smooth ER | synthesize lipids |
| golgi apparatus | produces lysosomes, packages materials into vesicles, and modifies/folds proteins |
| vesicle | small sacs surrounded by lipid membrane |
| lysosomes | small sacs with enzymes that break down waste |
| mitochondria | turns ATP into glucose |
| ATP | cellular energy |
| nucleus | contains nucleolus and chromosomes |
| nucleolus | produces ribosomes |
| neurons | communicate via electrochemical signals |
| electrical signal | AP down the neuron |
| chemical signal | neurotransmitters that travel between neurons |
| dendrites (input) | branched structures receive chemical signals |
| Soma (process) | contains organelles and sums input of AP |
| axon | conducts AP away from soma |
| terminal button (output) | releases neurotransmitters |
| axoplasmic transport | carries substances down axon along microtubule tracks with ATP |
| Anterograde axoplasmic transport | kinesin carries substances down from soma to terminal buttons |
| Retrograde axoplasmic transport | dynein carries substances up from terminal buttons to soma |
| nerves | bundles of neurons that carry info between CNS and organs |
| interneurons | information integration in CNS |
| glial cells | immune support after injury, remove waste, provide nutrients, insulation, support brain structure, supply neurotransmitters, modify |
| astrocytes(star)* | physical support of neurons, between BV and neurons fro nutrients, immune response |
| astrocytes response | phagocytosis and astrocytic (left behind cells) |
| oligodendrocytes* | produce myelin on the CNS |
| myelin sheath made of | lipids and proteins |
| node of ranvier | speeds up AP |
| microglia* | phagocytic, protects brain and inflammatory response |
| ependymal cells* | ciliated- epithelial cells in ventricles of brain and spinal canal, and regulate cerebrospinal fluid |
| schwann cells* | produce sheath and aid in digestion of damaged PNS neurons |
| Blood brain barrier | highly selective semi-permeable barrier to the brain |
| tight junctions | in endothelial cells lining capillaries acts as a filter |
| Area postrema | area of brain that controls vomiting and BBB is permeable to toxins to induce vomiting |
| excitatory input | increases the chances of AP in neuron |
| inhibitory | decreases the chances of AP in neuron |
| microelectrodes | small electricals recording devices that can be inserted into neuron |
| membrane potential | any difference in charge between the inside and outside of the neuron |
Created by:
hl_2022
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