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nervous system pt1
overview of the nervous system & eeg lecture 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| central nervous system | made up of the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | contains two major divisions: the afferent and efferent |
| pathway/tract | group of axons traveling together in the CNS |
| contents of forebrain | cerebrum and diencephalon |
| contents of hindbrain | pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum |
| considered together as brain stem | pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum |
| why white matter is white | myelinated axons |
| white matter in the CNS | tract |
| glial cells responsible for myelination (CNS) | oligodendrocytes |
| why gray matter is gray | cell bodies & synapses (no myelin) |
| gray matter in the CNS | nuclei |
| example of white matter in CNS | corticospinal tract |
| example of gray matter in CNS | subcortical nuclei |
| white matter in the PNS | nerve |
| example of white matter in PNS | vagus nerve |
| glial cells responsible in PNS | schwann cells |
| another name for schwann cells | neurolemmocytes |
| gray matter in the PNS | ganglion |
| example of gray matter in the PNS | sympathetic chain ganglia |
| WHITE MATTER | INFORMATION HIGHWAY |
| GRAY MATTER | SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION & INTEGRATION |
| afferent | sensory |
| types of afferents | somatic sensory, visceral sensory, and special sensory |
| efferent | motor |
| types of efferents | somatic and autonomic |
| somatic | body |
| autonomic | not conscious |
| types of autonomic | parasympathetic, sympathetic & enteric |
| parasympathetic | rest & digest |
| sympathetic | fight or flight |
| enteric | gut |
| higher areas of CNS | more voluntary |
| lower areas of CNS | more reflexive |
| cerebral cortex | interprets sensory information, generates voluntary movement and perform cognition |
| subcortical nuclei (basal nuclei) | essential for regulation of movement |
| thalamus (ALL GRAY MATTER) | relay station (lots of synaptic transmissions) for both sensory and motor information |
| hypothalamus | source of lots of homeostatic mechanisms (drive behavior, water balance, hormone regulation, temperature regulation, circadian rhythms) |
| limbic system | emotions, emotional behavior, learning |
| cerebellum "lil cauliflower @ back of head" | an error corrector for motor and sensory information, responsible for procedural memory (ex. riding a bike) |
| brain stem | most REFLEXIVE part of the brain, and is control center for the autonomic reflexes for breathing and heart function. reticular activating system helps us pay attention to important stimuli |
| dorsal root ganglion | gray matter outside the CNS |
| mixed spinal nerves | 31 pairs; both sensory and motor functions |
| motor information | goes out front of spine |
| sensory information | goes out back of spine |
| cerebral spinal fluid | comprised of lots of sodium & chlorine ions; low in protein so not well buffered |
| pressure gradient between the CSF & venous blood | provides cushioning and circulates nutrients |
| ependymal cells | lateral ventricles are lined with important glial cells |
| blood brain barrier | functional layer between the vessels and neurons |
| astrocytes | form blood brain barrier |
| oligodendrocyte | wrap myelin around neurons |
| microglia | protect brain |
| eeg (electroencephalogram) | electrodes attached to the scalp monitor graded potentials from pyramidal cells in cortex (gray matter) |
| two aspects of the signal of eeg | frequency & amplitude |
| states of consciousness (levels of alertness) | asleep, drowsy, awake and alert |
| conscious experiences | those experiences one is aware of, such as thoughts or feelings |
| waking state | characterized by alpha rhythms when relaxed, and during active attention, beta rhythms |
| sleep state | characterized by low-frequency theta and delta rhythms; decreased motor output; decreased ease of arousal |
| nrem (non-rapid eye movement) sleep | progresses from stage n1 through high-frequency stage n2 sleep spindles to n3 |
| n1 | theta rhythm |
| n2 | sleep spindles |
| n3 | delta rhythm |
| rem (rapid eye movement) sleep | intermittent episodes of intense EEG activity even though a person is deeply asleep; associated with dreaming |
| rem sleep | also known as paradoxical sleep |
| wakefulness | regulated by groups of neurons originating in the brainstem and hypothalamus that activate cortical arousal by releasing various transmitters and neuropeptides |
| extensive damage to the cerebral cortex or brainstem arousal mechanisms results in | coma, persistent vegetative state, or brain death |
Created by:
morganmoldyy
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