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HES 353 Lectures 1-2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Energy supply vs energy demand impacts | Energy expenditure (EE) |
| Addressing energy imbalance | 1) Brain senses change 2) Signals sent/deliver message to nervous/endocrine system 3) Body says: send energy or store energy 4) Get energy to destination 5) Convert to ATP = usable energy 6) Feedback loop: (+) send, (-) store |
| Substrates | breakdown units of protein/carbs/fats |
| Bioenergetics | chemical pathways that convert substrates to energy |
| Endergonic | need energy |
| Exergonic | release energy |
| Coupled reactions | liberation of ATP in exergonic drives an endergonic reaction |
| Oxidation | removal of an electron |
| Reduction | addition of an electron |
| Reducing agent | donates an electron |
| Oxidizing agent | accepts an electron |
| What controls the rate of energy production? | 1) Availability of primary substrate 2) Enzyme activity |
| Mass action effect | the influence of substrate availability on the rate of metabolism |
| Enzymes | specific protein molecules that control the rate of free-energy release; addition of enzymes lowers activation energy, speeding up the reaction |
| Enzyme activity is affected by | - change in pH (lower pH, lower activity) - change in temperature (lower temp, lower activity) |
| Glycogenesis | creation of glycogen |
| Glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen |
| Gluconeogenesis | creation of glucose from fats or proteins |
| Glycolysis | breakdown of glucose |
| -lysis | breakdown |
| -genesis | creation |
| Triglyceride is reduced to | FFA and glycerol |
| Lipolysis | hydrolysis of fats and lipids to FFA |
| Lipogenesis | synthesis of FFAs |
| Proteolysis | process of converting proteins into amino acids |
| What are the primary substrates utilized for energy? | Glucose and fatty acids |
| ATP | energy held in phosphate bonds, easily broken, rechargeable battery; universal energy donor in cells |
| ADP + Pi | ATP |
| ATP + H20 | (ATPase) ADP + Pi + Energy |
| ADP + H20 | (MYOKINASE) AMP + Pi + Energy |
| 3 formations of ATP | ATP-PC system (slow), glycolysis (intermediate), and oxidation formation of ATP (fast) |
| ATP-PC system | immediate, anaerobic source high rate of ATP generation low capacity to sustain ex. 100m sprint, powerlifting |
| Glycolysis | anaerobic ATP from blood glucose capacity to sustain 30 sec - 2 min ex. 400m run, HIIT |
| How many ATP does the break down of fats create? | 106 |
| ATP from fast glycolysis? | 2 |
| What is the primary purpose of the Krebs cycle? | to complete the oxidation of foodstuffs used NAD and FAD |
| How many ATP is FADH2 worth? | 1.5 ATP |
| How many ATP is NADH worth? | 2.5 ATP |
| If 20 FADH2 are used, how many ATP are produced? | 30 ATP |
| If 6 NADH are used, how many ATP are produced? | 15 ATP |
| RER formula? | VCO2/CO2 |
| ATP produced from one glucose molecue? | 32 ATP |
| Anaerobic pathways | do not involve oxygen |
| Aerobic pathways | involve oxygen |
| Phosphate bonds | hold energy for the cell to use |
| Active sites are important because | the unique shape of the active site causes a specific enzyme to adhere to a particular reactant |
| The greater the activation energy | the slower the reaction |
| Longitudinal study | same group compared over time |
| Cross-sectional study | different groups compared at the same time |
| Experimental controls in the research prcoess | time of day, month; environment; meals/exercise |
| Diurinal variable | fluctuations that occur throughout the day |
| Nocebo | development of side effects because the patient believes they may occur |
| Confounding variable | a third variable that could influence the outcome of the study |
| Placebo | harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for any physiological effect |
| Dependent | the measurement |
| Independent variable | controlled and manipulated by researcher |
| Chronic adaptations to exercise | the body's adaptations to repeated bouts of exercise over time |
| Acute exercise | the body's reaction to a single bout of exercise |
| Exercise | planned, structured, repetitive, and intentional movement |
| Physical activity | any movement with the activation of muscle tissue that requires energy |
| Exercise physiology | the study of how the body's functions are altered when we are physically active (a challenge to homeostasis) |
| Homeostasis | regulation of internal environment |
| Physiology | study of body function |
| Kinesiology | study of movement |
| Cross over study | groups switch after washout period |
| Ergometers | tools to measure power/work output |
| Work (W) | force x distance |
| Power (P) | work/time |
| Velocity (speed) | distance/time |
| Research process | observation, research question, hypothesis, experimental design, results, conclusions |
| Claudius Galen | physician to gladiator |
| Fernand LaGrange | Physiology of Bodily Exercise |
| A.V. Hill | researched muscle function and oxygen debt |
| John S. Haldane | developed methods and equipment to measure oxygen use during exercise; gas exchange |
| D.B. Dill | first Harvard Fatigue Lab director |
| Lawrence J. Henderson | had idea for Harvard Fatigue Lab |
| Harvard Fatigue Lab | helped to analyze soldier fitness; foundation for modern exercise and environmental physiology |
| Barbara Drinkwater | female athlete triad |
| Birgitta Essen | how muscles use substrates during exercise |
| Bente Pederson | exercise immunologist who looked at the positive/negative effects of exercise on immune systems |
| Where is lactate used as fuel? | heart, brain, liver, Type 1 muscle fibers |
| 4 Stages of CHO Metabolism | glycolysis, pyruvate conversion to Acetyl-CoA, Krebs Cycle, ETC |
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