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Phys Ch 2
exam 1 material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| medical imaging depends on ... | behavior of atoms and molecules |
| CT scan | external radiation |
| PET scan | looking at radiation already present in the body (internal radiation) |
| MRI | no radiation, just magnetic field and sound waves (H+ electron shift) |
| atoms are made up of... | protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| atomic number | the number of protons |
| atomic weight | the number of protons and neutrons |
| atoms that make up >99% of atoms in the human body | hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen |
| elements that make up 0.7% of atoms in the human body | mineral elements, like calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium |
| if electron's outermost shell doesn't have a full 8 electrons | is chemically reactive |
| most abundant form of carbon | 12C |
| the radioactive carbon isotope | 14C |
| what determines osmolarity? | atoms |
| one mole of any element... | contains the same number of atoms (6.022 x 10^23) |
| anions | negative |
| cations | positive |
| if an atom loses or gains electrons.. | it becomes an ion |
| what atoms readily form ions? | hydrogen atoms and most mineral atoms |
| ionic form of mineral elements | electrolyte |
| molecule | two or more atoms bonded together |
| strongest bond | covalent bond |
| free radical | unpaired outer shell of electrons, highly chemically reactive |
| example of free radical | free oxygen or hydroxide mlx |
| what does a free radical do to the body? | leads to DNA damage, cancer, lose ability to control cell cycle |
| substances dissolved in a liquid | solute |
| liquid in which solutes are dissolved in | solvent |
| solutes dissolved in a solvent to form... | solution |
| what molecules dissolve in water? | ionic/polar mlx (covalent DO NOT) |
| osmolarity of human blood | 300 mosMoles |
| osmolarity of sodium in human blood | 140 mEq/L |
| osmolarity of chlorine in human blood | 100 mEq/L |
| osmolarity of potassium in human blood | 4.5 mmol/L |
| where does the rest of the osmolarity come from in human blood? | dissolved proteins |
| mmol | the number of particles |
| mEq | the number of particles AND electrical charge |
| amphipathic molecules | has hydrophilic and hydrophobic end, when mixed with water forms clusters |
| amphipathic mlx function | provides maximal interaction between water and polar ends, acts as emulsification agents |
| emulsification agent | can bind to lipid mlx and make them soluble in water (polar) |
| acids | increase concentration of H+ in a solution |
| bases | decrease the concentration of H+ in a solution |
| pH | amount of H+ in a solution |
| human pH range | 7.35-7.45 |
| primary reason we have to maintain a tight pH range.. | all proteins in the body function in a very narrow pH range |
| 4 types of organic mlx in human body | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| polysaccharides | more than 3 monosaccharides |
| lipids | make up of hydrogen and carbon atoms, linked by non polar covalent bonds |
| 4 subclasses of lipids | fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids |
| cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, estradiol, are all made from... | cholesterol |
| cortisol | most powerful catabolic mlx in the human body |
| testosterone | most powerful anabolic mlx in the human body |
| proteins of all living organisms are composed of the same set of _____ amino acids, with ____ different side chains | 20,20 |
| how many essential amino acids are there? | 9 |
| essential amino acids | body can't make them, but must eat them in our diet |
| how many nonessential amino acids are there? | 11 |
| nonessential amino acids | body can produce them on their own |
| all amino acids have... | a carboxyl group and an amino group, just different side chains |
| primary protein structure | sequence of amino acids written out in order |
| secondary protein structure | protein starts to fold up on itself |
| why does a protein start to fold up on itself? | because of chemical interactions between charges on side chains on other molecules, and the cell environment (Water) |
| 2 primary structures of secondary | alpha helix and beta pleated sheet |
| tertiary protein structure | interactions fold polypeptide into its final 3D shape, water affects folding |
| the final 3D shape of a protein | conformation |
| all proteins have _____, only some have _____ | all Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, only some have quaternary |
| quaternary protein structure | individual polypeptides start to come together, shape of final quaternary structure is different from function of individual polypeptides that make it up |
| example of quaternary protein structure | hemoglobin |
Created by:
thomask9
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