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Phys Ch 1
exam 1 material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| physiology | the study of how living organisms function |
| pathophysiology | the study of disease states |
| the simplest structural units that a complex multicellular organism can be divided and still retain the functional characteristic of life .. | cell |
| cell differentiation | during development, cells become specialized for a specific function |
| 4 main categories of cells | muscle cells, neurons, epithelial cells, connective-tissue cells |
| 4 main categories of tissues | muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue |
| differentiated cells with similar properties form.. | tissues |
| 3 types of muscle cells | skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
| purpose of muscle cells | specialized to generate mechanical force |
| skeletal muscle | attached through other structures to bone, produce movement of trunk, voluntary |
| cardiac muscle | only in heart, involuntary |
| when cardiac muscle contracts, what happens? | heart contracts and pumps blood into circulation |
| smooth muscle | in the walls of tubes in the body, increases/decreases lumen size, involuntary |
| neurons and nervous tissue function | integrate/conduct electrical signals to other cells |
| collection of neurons forms... | nervous tissue |
| neurons and connective tissue form ... | nerve |
| nerve function | carries signals from neurons between nervous system and other parts of the body |
| epithelial cells and tissue function | secretion / absorption of ions and organic mlx, protection |
| 4 shapes of epithelial cells | cuboidal columnar, squamous, ciliated |
| single cell thick tissue of epithelial cells | simple epithelium |
| multiple layer tissue of epithelial cells | stratified epithelium |
| basement membrane | the extracellular protein layer that epithelial cells rest on |
| 2 sides of basement membrane | basolateral and apical |
| basolateral side | side that anchors the tissue |
| apical side | side that faces the interior (lumen) of the structure |
| how are epithelial cells held together? | by tight junctions |
| tight junctions | selective barriers that regulate the exchange of mlx |
| connective-tissue cells and connective tissue function | connect, anchor, support structures of the body |
| loose-connective tissue | in loose meshwork of cells/ fibers underlying most epithelial layers |
| dense-connective tissue | tough tissue in tendons and ligaments |
| other types of connective tissue | bone, cartilage, adipose, blood |
| what forms the extracellular matrix around cells? | connective tissue |
| content of extracellular matrix | proteins, polysaccharides, minerals |
| function of extracellular matrix | scaffold for cellular attachments, transmits info in the form of chemical messengers |
| organs | two or more of the four kinds of tissue arranged in various proportions |
| internal environment | solution present within and around all cells of the body and within blood vessels |
| 3 compartments of body fluid | intracellular, plasma, interstitial fluid |
| intracellular fluid | fluid in all cells of body |
| how much does intracellular fluid account for total body water? | 67% |
| plasma | fluid portion of blood, suspends blood cells |
| how much does plasma account for total body water? | 7% |
| interstitial fluid | lies around and between cells in interstitium |
| how much does interstitial fluid account for total body water? | 26% |
| what makes up the extracellular fluid? | plasma and interstitial fluid |
| concentration of dissolved substances are almost identical in what two compartments? | plasma and interstitial fluid, except there is a higher protein concentration in plasma |
| homeostasis | fluctuates a given physiological function within a predictable and narrow range |
| homeostatic control systems | compensating mechanisms that mediates the reaction that correct change |
| steady state | system where a variable is not changing, but energy needs to be added continuously to maintain a stable, homeostatic condition |
| equilibrium | variable isn't changing, but no energy input is required |
| set point | physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates, changes on a rhythmic basis every day |
| negative feedback system | increase or decrease in the variable being regulated brings about responses that tend to move the variable in the opposite direction of the original change |
| example of negative feedback system | decrease in body temp leads to responses that increase body temp to normal |
| what does negative feedback system do for the body? | provides checks and balances, controls variability |
| positive feedback system | accelerates a process, leads to explosive system, initial change in a particular variable leads to an even greater change in that variable |
| example of positive feedback system | blood clotting, childbirth |
| feedforward regulation | changes in regulated variables are anticipated and prepared for BEFORE they occur |
| example of feedforward regulation | smell of food |
| reflex | specific, involuntary "built in" response to a particular stimulus |
| learned/acquired reflex | appear to be automatic but only occur because of a great deal of conscious effort was spent learning them |
| stimulus | detectable change in the internal/external environment |
| receptor | detects the environmental change |
| integrating center | when stimulus acts on receptor, it produces a signal that is relayed here |
| effector | output of integrating center |
| if response produced by effector causes a decrease in the magnitude of stimulus that triggered the event... | reflex leads to negative feedback loop |
| major effectors of biological control systems | muscles and glands |
| hormone | type of chemical messenger secreted into blood by cells in endocrine system |
| local homeostatic responses | induce an alteration of cell activity with the net effect of counteracting the stimulus, entire sequence ONLY occurs in the area of the stimulus |
| are nerves and hormones directly involved in local homeostatic responses? | no |
| 4 categories of messengers | hormones, neurotransmitters, paracrine substances, autocrine substances |
| hormone | produces and secreted by endocrine glands, blood acts as delivery system |
| neurotransmitter | released from endings of neurons ONTO other neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells, NOT released in blood |
| paracrine substance | LOCAL communication between cells, released into extracellular fluid NOT BLOOD |
| autocrine substances | acts on the cell that secreted it SELF |
| adaptation | LONG TERM characteristic that favors survival in specific environments |
| acclimatization | SHORT TERM, improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system based on environmental stress |
| which is reversible, adaptation or acclimatization? | acclimatization |
| circadian rhythm | biological rhythm that cycles every 24 hours |
| entrainment | setting of the actual hours of the rhythm |
| free-running rhythm | cycle that persists in the complete absence of environmental cues |
| neural basis of body rhythms | hypothalamus, functions as pacemaker |
| pool | body's readily available quantity of the substances, receives and redistributes them to all the pathways |
| total-body balance | matching inputs and outputs of a substance in the body |
| 3 possible states of total body mass | negative balance, positive balance, stable balance |
| negative balance | loss exceeds gain, total amount of substance in body is decreasing |
| positive balance | gain exceeds loss, total amount of substance in body is increasing |
| stable balance | gain is equal to loss |
| standard human blood pressure | 120/80 |
| examples of homeostasis | BP, body temp, blood glucose levels |
| 120 | pressure in arteries during systole (contracting) |
| 80 | pressure in arteries during diastole (relaxing) |
| why do epithelial cells form layers? | to protect and or to control movement of any type of mlx from one side of the layer to the other |
| every cell produces their own ... | extracellular matrix |
| ECM is made up of mostly... | proteins and polysaccharides |
| majority of systems are positive or negative? | negative feedback system |
| negative feedback system | shuts the system off once the set point has been reached |
| afferent | information coming in |
| efferent | information coming out |
| endocrine hormone | released into bloodstream, single reaches often distant targets |
| 2 subcategories of endocrine hormones | autocrine and paracrine |
| two types of communication between cells that do not require secretion of a chemical messenger | gap junctions and juxtacrine signaling |
| gap junctions | direction communication through gaps, protein channel that goes from cell to cell |
| juxtacrine signaling | in the immune system, a protein or small mlx on one cell can bind to a nearby cell, cell to cell contact |
Created by:
thomask9
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