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APES Chapter 4

AP Environmental Science Chapter 4 Vocab

TermDefinition
Competition -- The relationship between organisms that seek the same resources The relationship between organisms that seek the same resources
Intraspecific Competition Between members of the same species
Interspecific Competition Between members of a different species
Competition becomes more intense when populations are more dense
**Fundamental Niche** Full potential niche of a species
Realized Niche Indv. that plays only part of its role due to competition or other interactions
Competetive Exclusion -- Stronger competor keeps resources from others Stronger competor keeps resources from others
**Species Coexistence** Species live side by side, don’t necessarily exclude each other
**Resource Partitioning** indv. use resources in different ways
**Character Displacement** Competing species diverge and develop different characteristics
**Predation** process where indv. of one species (predators) capture, kill, and consume, individuals of another (prey)
Better at capturing = better chance at survival = favored by natural selection
Prey adapts defensives
**Parasitism** Relationship where one organism depends on the other for nourishments
Ex. leeches, ticks, lice, etc.
Not deadly unless a parasite introduces a bacteria
**Pathogens** Parasites that cause disease
**Coevolution** Parasites & hosts adapt and counter- adapt to each other
**Herbivory** Animals feed on the tissues of plants ; plants evolved defenses (ie. toxins, thorns, spikes, irritating hairs)
**Mutualism** Relationship where two or more species benefit each other
**Symbiosis** A close physical association between species
**Pollination** Only one free- living organism is required
**Community** assemblage of populations living in the same area at the same time
**Trophic Level** Level that shows a feeding hierarchy in a community
**Producers** Use photosynthesis or chemosynthesis to make their own sugars
**Primary Consumers** Consume producers
**Secondary Consumers**
**Tertiary Consumers**
**Detritivores** SCAVENGE waste & dead bodies
**Decomposers** Break down non-living matter into smaller molecules
Energy decreases as you move up levels
**Biomass** The collective mass of living matter in a given place at a given time
**Food Chain** The depiction of the flow of energy between Trophic Levels (lower to higher)
**Food Webs** Like a food chain but incorporate interlinking food chains; shows the energy flow of a community
**Keystone Species** Have a great impact & are incredibly important
**Ex.** top predators, decomposers, “ecosystem engineers” (prairie dogs physically alter the area)
**Trophic Cascade** Occur when the top predator is removed and primary consumers OVERCONSUME producers
**Disturbance** Any event that has a rapid & drastic effect on an ecosystem
**Resistance** Communities that resist change & remain stable when faced with a disturbance
**Resilience** Communities that are affected but then return to their normal state
**Succession** A series of changes that is started when a species is eliminated or lacking
**Pioneer Species** Spread over long distances easily and quickly adapt to growing ; Ex. Grass
**Climax Community** Longer living species that take over from Pioneer Species ; Ex. Hardwood trees
**Primary Succession** A disturbance removes all ****plants or soil life
**Secondary Succession** A disturbance alters the community but soil is left intact ; Ex. farming, fires, storms, invasive species
**Regime Shift** The entire community undergoes change from a disturbance ; Ex. climate change, loss of keystone species
**No-Analog Communities** Mixtures of species that have not occurred on Earth before; due to human disturbance
**Introduced Species** A non- native species brought by people
**Invasive Species** Limiting factors that normally limit their population growth are absent Ex. a lack of comp. predators & parasit
**Restoration Ecology** wants to help restore communities to how they were before industrialized civilization
**2 Aims of Ecological Restoration** > 1) Restore the functionality of an ecosystem (2) Return a community to “pre-settlement” conditions
**Biome** A regional complex of similar communities; typically characterized by dominant plant type
Temp. & Precipitation greatest influence over climate factors ; climate helps determine biomes
**Rainshadow Effect** Moist air rises a steep slope, cools & condenses
**Climate Diagrams/ Climatographs** Show seasonal change in temp. & precip. ; Can help tell the story of a biome
**Temperate Deciduous Forests** Found in the mid-latitudes & have relatively even precip. throughout the year
**Temperate Grasslands** (or prairies/ steppe) Dif. between winter & summer = more extreme, rainfall changes
**Temperate Rainforests** rich in rainfall, still found in mid-latitudes ; soils are fertile but susceptible to erosion if trees are cleared
**Tropical Rainforests** dark, damp interiors, lush vegetation, highly diverse ; acidic soil, low in organic matter
**Tropical Dry Forests** Year is split 50/50 with wet & dry season, temp. = consistently warm, leaves shed in dry season
**Savannas** tropical grassland with acacias or other trees ; found in dry tropical areas (Africa, Australia, India) ; Wet & Dry season
**Deserts** DRY - > Less than **25cm** of rain per year ; soils = high mineral content and low organic matter content
Created by: naver
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