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AP Environmental Science Chapter 4 Vocab

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Term
Definition
Competition -- The relationship between organisms that seek the same resources   The relationship between organisms that seek the same resources  
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Intraspecific Competition   Between members of the same species  
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Interspecific Competition   Between members of a different species  
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Competition becomes more intense when populations are more dense    
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**Fundamental Niche**   Full potential niche of a species  
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Realized Niche   Indv. that plays only part of its role due to competition or other interactions  
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Competetive Exclusion -- Stronger competor keeps resources from others   Stronger competor keeps resources from others  
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**Species Coexistence**   Species live side by side, don’t necessarily exclude each other  
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**Resource Partitioning**   indv. use resources in different ways  
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**Character Displacement**   Competing species diverge and develop different characteristics  
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**Predation**   process where indv. of one species (predators) capture, kill, and consume, individuals of another (prey)  
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Better at capturing = better chance at survival = favored by natural selection    
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Prey adapts defensives    
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**Parasitism**   Relationship where one organism depends on the other for nourishments  
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Ex. leeches, ticks, lice, etc.    
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Not deadly unless a parasite introduces a bacteria    
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**Pathogens**   Parasites that cause disease  
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**Coevolution**   Parasites & hosts adapt and counter- adapt to each other  
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**Herbivory**   Animals feed on the tissues of plants ; plants evolved defenses (ie. toxins, thorns, spikes, irritating hairs)  
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**Mutualism**   Relationship where two or more species benefit each other  
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**Symbiosis**   A close physical association between species  
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**Pollination**   Only one free- living organism is required  
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**Community**   assemblage of populations living in the same area at the same time  
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**Trophic Level**   Level that shows a feeding hierarchy in a community  
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**Producers**   Use photosynthesis or chemosynthesis to make their own sugars  
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**Primary Consumers**   Consume producers  
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**Secondary Consumers**    
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**Tertiary Consumers**    
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**Detritivores**   SCAVENGE waste & dead bodies  
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**Decomposers**   Break down non-living matter into smaller molecules  
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Energy decreases as you move up levels    
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**Biomass**   The collective mass of living matter in a given place at a given time  
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**Food Chain**   The depiction of the flow of energy between Trophic Levels (lower to higher)  
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**Food Webs**   Like a food chain but incorporate interlinking food chains; shows the energy flow of a community  
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**Keystone Species**   Have a great impact & are incredibly important  
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**Ex.** top predators, decomposers, “ecosystem engineers” (prairie dogs physically alter the area)    
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**Trophic Cascade**   Occur when the top predator is removed and primary consumers OVERCONSUME producers  
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**Disturbance**   Any event that has a rapid & drastic effect on an ecosystem  
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**Resistance**   Communities that resist change & remain stable when faced with a disturbance  
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**Resilience**   Communities that are affected but then return to their normal state  
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**Succession**   A series of changes that is started when a species is eliminated or lacking  
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**Pioneer Species**   Spread over long distances easily and quickly adapt to growing ; Ex. Grass  
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**Climax Community**   Longer living species that take over from Pioneer Species ; Ex. Hardwood trees  
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**Primary Succession**   A disturbance removes all ****plants or soil life  
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**Secondary Succession**   A disturbance alters the community but soil is left intact ; Ex. farming, fires, storms, invasive species  
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**Regime Shift**   The entire community undergoes change from a disturbance ; Ex. climate change, loss of keystone species  
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**No-Analog Communities**   Mixtures of species that have not occurred on Earth before; due to human disturbance  
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**Introduced Species**   A non- native species brought by people  
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**Invasive Species**   Limiting factors that normally limit their population growth are absent Ex. a lack of comp. predators & parasit  
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**Restoration Ecology**   wants to help restore communities to how they were before industrialized civilization  
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**2 Aims of Ecological Restoration**   > 1) Restore the functionality of an ecosystem (2) Return a community to “pre-settlement” conditions  
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**Biome**   A regional complex of similar communities; typically characterized by dominant plant type  
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Temp. & Precipitation   greatest influence over climate factors ; climate helps determine biomes  
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**Rainshadow Effect**   Moist air rises a steep slope, cools & condenses  
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**Climate Diagrams/ Climatographs**   Show seasonal change in temp. & precip. ; Can help tell the story of a biome  
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**Temperate Deciduous Forests**   Found in the mid-latitudes & have relatively even precip. throughout the year  
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**Temperate Grasslands** (or prairies/ steppe)   Dif. between winter & summer = more extreme, rainfall changes  
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**Temperate Rainforests**   rich in rainfall, still found in mid-latitudes ; soils are fertile but susceptible to erosion if trees are cleared  
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**Tropical Rainforests**   dark, damp interiors, lush vegetation, highly diverse ; acidic soil, low in organic matter  
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**Tropical Dry Forests**   Year is split 50/50 with wet & dry season, temp. = consistently warm, leaves shed in dry season  
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**Savannas**   tropical grassland with acacias or other trees ; found in dry tropical areas (Africa, Australia, India) ; Wet & Dry season  
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**Deserts**   DRY - > Less than **25cm** of rain per year ; soils = high mineral content and low organic matter content  
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