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1610 Biology Ch. 4
Full Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The organization of cells and their small size allow them to maintain _________, an appropriate internal environment. | homeostasis |
| The ________ _________ is a structurally distinctive surface membrane that surrounds all cells. | Plasma membrane |
| Most cells have internal structures, called ________, that are specialized to carry out metabolic activities such as converting energy to usable forms, synthesizing needed compounds, and manufacturing structures necessary for functioning and reproduction. | organelles |
| 1 meter = 1000 ____________ | millimeters |
| 1 millimeter = 1000 _________ | micrometers |
| 1 micrometer = 1000 ________ | nanometers |
| 1/billionth of a meter is called a ________. | nanometer |
| Everything that enters or leaves a cell must pass through its __________. | plasma membrane |
| A critical factor in determining cell size is the ratio of its surface area (plasma membrane) to its __________. | volume |
| ____________ are fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane that significantly increase the surface area for absorbing nutrients and other materials. | microvilli |
| Sperm cells have long, whiplike tails, called __________, for locomotion. | flagella |
| The ________ microscope, the type used by most students, consists of a tube with glass lenses at each end. | light (LM) or compound |
| What microscope does this describe?: Visible light passes through the specimen being observed and through the lenses. Light is refracted (bent) by the lenses, magnifying the image. | light microscope (LM) aka compound microscope |
| What two features of a microscope determine how clearly a small object can be observed? | magnification and resolving power |
| _________ is the ratio of the size of the image seen with the microscope to the actual size of the object. | Magnification |
| ___________ is the capacity to distinguish fine detail in an image; it is defined as the minimum distance between two points at which they can both be seen separately rather than as a single, blurred point. | Resolution or resolving power |
| In ___________ microscopy, an image is formed by transmitting light through a cell. | bright-field |
| In __________ microscopy, rays of light are directed from the side and only scattered light enters the lenses. | dark-field |
| Cell biologist use the _____________ microscope to detect the locations of specific molecules in cells. | fluorescence |
| In the _________ microscope, filters transmit light that is emitted by fluorescently stained molecules. | fluorescence |
| Some fluorescent stains are chemically bonded to ___________, protein molecules important in internal defense. | antibodies |
| ____________ microscopy produces a sharper image than standard fluorescence microscopy. | Confocal |
| The _________ microscope, which came into wide use in the 1950's, enables you to study fine details, or ultra-structure, of cells. | electron (EM) |
| What are two types of electron microscopes? | Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) |
| In ________ electron microscopy, the specimen is embedded in plastic and then cut into extraordinarily thin sections with a glass or diamond knife and then place a small metal grid and the electron beam passes through the specimen. | transmission |
| In the _________ electron microscope, the specimen is coated with a thin film of gold or some other metals, provides 3D picture of surface. | scanning electron microscope |
| ____ __________ is a technique for purifying different parts of the cells so that they can be studied by physical and chemical methods. | Cell fractionation |
| Generally, cells are broken apart as gently as possible and the cell extract is subjected to centrifugal force by spinning in a device called a __________. | centrifuge |
| In prokaryotic cells, the DNA is stored in a limited region of the cell called a __________, which is not enclosed by a membrane. | nuclear area or nucleoid |
| Most prokaryotic cells have ____ ____, which are extracellular structures that enclose the entire cell, including the plasma membrane. | cell walls |
| Many prokaryotes have __________, long fibers that project from the surface of the cell. | flagella |
| The dense internal material of the bacterial cell contains __________, small complexes of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein that synthesize polypeptides. | ribosomes |
| ________ cells are characterized by highly organized membrane-enclosed organelles, including a prominent nucleus, which contains the hereditary material, DNA. | Eukaryotic |
| Biologist refer to the part of the cell outside the nucleus as ________. | cytoplasm |
| The part of the cell within the nucleus is referred to as ________. | nucleoplasm |
| Various organelles are suspended within the fluid component of the cytoplasm, which is called the _________. | cytosol |
| _________ are structures that trap sunlight for energy conversion. | chloroplasts |
| _________ are small, membrane-enclosed sacs formed by "budding" from the membrane of another organelle. | vesicles |
| The _________ is the most prominent organelle in the cell. | nucleus |
| The ________ _______ consists of two concentratic membranes that seperate the nuclear contents from the surrounding cytoplasm. | nuclear envelope |
| Nuclear _______ regulate the passage of materials between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. | pores |
| A fibrous network of protein filaments, called the nuclear _______, forms an inner lining for the nuclear envelope. | lamina |
| DNA molecules consist of sequences of nucleotides called _______, which contain the chemically coded instructions for producing the proteins needed by the cell. | genes |
| The nucleus controls protein synthesis by transcribing its information in ________. | mRNA (messenger RNA) |
| DNA is associated with proteins, forming a complex known as ___________, which appears as a network or granules and stands. | chromatin |
| Because DNA molecules are very long and thin, they must be packed inside the nucleus in a very regular fashion as part of structures called __________. | chromosomes |
| __________ are tiny particles found free in the cytoplasm or attached to certain membranes. They consist of RNA and proteins synthesized by the nucleolus. | Ribosomes |
| __________ contain the enzyme necessary to form peptide bonds, and when their two subunits join, they function as manufacturing plants that assemble polypeptides. | ribosomes |
| Description: Large structure surrounded by double membrane; contains nucleolus and chromosomes. | Nucleus |
| Function: Information in DNA is transcribed in RNA synthesis; specifies cell proteins. | Nucleus |
| Description: Granular body within nucleus; consists of RNA and proteins. | Nucleolus |
| Function: Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis; ribosome subunit assembly. | Nucleolus |
| Description: Composed of a complex of DNA and protein known as chromatin; condense during cell division, becoming visible as rodlike structures. | Chromosomes |
| Function: Contain genes that govern structure and activity of cell. | Chromosomes |
| Organelle that is membrane boundary of cell. | plasma membrane |
| Organelle that encloses cell contents; regulates movement of materials in and out of cell; helps maintain cell shape; communicates with other cells. | plasma membrane |
| Organelle that is granules composed of RNA and protein; some attached to ER, some free in cytosol. | ribosomes |
| Organelle that synthesizes polypeptides in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. | ribosomes |
| Organelle that is a network of internal membranes extending through cytoplasm. | Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| Organelle that synthesizes lipids and modifies many proteins; origin of intracellular transport vesicles that carry proteins. | Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| Lacks ribosomes on outer surface of ER. | smooth ER |
| Ribosomes stud outer surface of ER. | Rough ER |
| Part of ER that manufactures proteins. | rough ER |
| Part of ER that is responsible for lipid synthesis; drug detoxification; and calcium ion storage. | smooth ER |
| Organelle that is stacks of flattened membrane sacs | Golgi complex |
| Organelle that is membraneous sacs (in animals) | lysosomes |
| Organelle that modifies proteins; packages secreted proteins; sorts other proteins to vacuoles and other organelles. | Golgi complex |
| Organelle that contains enzymes that break down ingested materials, secretions, and waste. | Lysosomes |
| Organelles with membraneous sacs (mostly in plants, fungi, algae) | vacuoles |
| Organelles that store materials waste, water; maintain hydrostatic pressure. | vacuoles |
| Organelles with membraneous sacs containing a variety of enzymes. | peroxisomes |
| Organelle that is the site of many diverse metabolic reactions; e.g. break down fatty acids. | peroxisomes |
| Organelles with sacs consisting of two membranes; inner membrane is folded to form cristae and encloses matrix. | mitochondria |
| Organelle that is the site of most reactions of cellular respiration; transformation of energy originating from glucose or lipids into ATP energy. | mitochondria |
| Organelles with double-membrane structure enclosing internal thylakoid membranes; chloroplasts contain chlorophyll in thylakoid membranes. | Plastids (e.g. chloroplast) |
| Organelle that is site of photosynthesis | plastids (e.g. chloroplast) |
| ________ are hollow tubes made of subunits of tubulin protein. | Microtubules |
| _________ provide structural support; have role in cell and organelle movement and cell division; components of cilia, flagella, centrioles, basal bodies. | microtubules |
| ________ are solid, rodlike structures consisting of actin protein. | microfilaments |
| __________ provide structural support; play role in cell and organelle movement and cell division. | microfilaments |
| _________ _________ are tough fiber made of protein. | intermediate filaments |
| ________ help strengthen cytoskeleton; stabilize cell shape. | intermediate filaments |
| ________ are a pair of hollow cylinders located near nucleus; each consists of nine microtubule triplets. | centrioles |
| The ________ ___________ forms a network that makes up a significant part of the total volume of the cytoplasm in many cells. | endoplasmic reticulum |
| The ______ ER is the primary site for the synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol needed to make cell membranes. | smooth |
| The _________ ER plays a central role in the synthesis and assembly of proteins. | rough |
| __________ are protein complexes in the cytosol that direct the destruction of defective proteins. | proteasomes |
| The Golgi Complex consists of stacks of flattened membranous sacs called __________. | cisternae |
| The Golgi complex processes, sorts, and modifies _________. | proteins |
| _________ are small sacs of digestive enzymes dispersed in the cytoplasm of most animals. | Lysosomes |
| The membrane of a vacuole is called the ______. | tonoplast |
| __________ are membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes that catalyze an assortment of metabolic reactions in which hydrogen is transferred from various compounds to oxygen. | Peroxisomes |
| Chemical energy is most commonly stored in ______. | ATP |
| ______ ________ is the oxygen-requiring process that includes most of the reactions that convert the chemical energy present in certain foods to ATP. | aerobic respiration |
| The ________ space is the compartment formed between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. | intermembrane |
| The ________, the compartment enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane, contains enzymes that break down food molecules and convert their energy to other forms of chemical energy. | matrix |
| _____________ are toxic, highly reactive compounds with unpaired electrons, | free radicals |
| _______________ is a set of reactions during which light energy is transformed into the chemical energy of glucose and other carbohydrates. | photosynthesis |
| ________ is a green pigment that traps light energy for photosynthesis. | chlorophyll |
| Chloroplast contain a variety of light-absorbing yellow and orange pigments known as _________. | carotenoids |
| ____________ is a dense network of protein fibers that give the cell mechanical strength, shape, and their ability to move. | cytoskeleton |
| ________ is a motor protein that moves organelles toward the plus end of a microtubule. | kinesin |
| _________ is a motor protein that transports organelles toward the minus end of a microtubule. | Dynein |
| The _______ _________ serves as a framework for the orderly distribution of chromosomes during cell division. | mitotic spindle |
| _____________ are flixible, solid fibers about 7 nm in diameter; consists of two intertwined polymer chains of beadlike actin molecules. | microfilaments |
| Most eukaryotic cells are surrounded by __________, formed by polysaccharide side chains of proteins and lipids that are part of the plasma membrane. | glycocalyx or cell coat |
| Many animal cells are surrounded by an ________________, which they secrete; it consists of a gel of carbohydrates and fibrous proteins. | extracellular matrix (ECM) |
| __________ are proteins that serve as membrane receptors for the ECM. | integrins |
| Plant cells have thick cell walls that contain tiny fibers composed of the polysaccharide ____________. | cellulose |
Created by:
Grace Perry
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