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Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of temperature? | The degree of internal heat of a persons body. |
| What is the normal range for temperature? | Around 36.5-37.5 degrees |
| What temperature would you expect to see from an individual with hypothermia? | 35.0 degrees or lower |
| What temperature would you expect to see from an individual with hyperthermia? | 37.5 degrees or higher |
| What impact does biological sex have on temperature? | Men and women have similar body temperature. However, women can experience temperature fluctuations due to hormone levels in menstrual cycle - this will increase during menopause. |
| What impact does old age have on body temperature? | Older adults have a slightly lower body temperature than younger adults because it becomes harder for your body to control its temperature as you get older. This is due to a decrease in the amount of fat below the skin that makes it harder to stay warm. |
| What impact does age have on temperature in young children? | Children have a higher than normal body temperature due to a high metabolism. |
| What impact does hormone levels have on temperature? | The thyroid hormone regulates body temperature, but insulin, glucagon, oestrogen and progesterone also have an impact on temperature. |
| How does our diets impact temperature? | Body temperature can increase after eating a meal as the digestive system produces heat while trying to digest and absorb food - especially foods that are rich in calories or hard to digest. |
| How does levels of activity impact body temperature? | All physical activity increases body temperature - when muscles contract, they give off heat which will increase body temperature. |
| Why do we get a high temperature when we are unwell? | Fever is a symptom of infection. This is a sign that the immune system is working to kill the pathogen. The hypothalamus sends signals to the body to produce more heat and retain it. The high body temperature will make it hard for the pathogen to survive. |
| What illnesses cause low body temperature? | Low body temperature may be caused by going into shock, or certain disorders such as diabetes or low thyroid. |
| What impact does medication have on temperature? | Medicines like antibiotics increase body temperature whereas others may prevent the body’s ability to regulate its own temperature. |
| What is the definition of blood pressure? | The strength with which your blood pushes on the sides of your arteries as it’s pumped around the body. |
| What is systolic blood pressure? | The pressure measured in your arteries while the heart is contracting. It is the highest level your blood reaches when your heart beats. It is the first number which appears from a blood pressure reading. |
| What is diastolic blood pressure? | The pressure measured in your arteries while the heart is resting. The lowest level your blood pressure reaches when you relax between beats. It represents the 2nd number from a blood pressure reading. |
| What would a normal blood pressure reading range between? | Between 90/60mmHg and 120/80mmHg. |
| What blood pressure is classed as high? | 140/90mmHg or higher. |
| What would be classed as low blood pressure? | 90/60mmHg or lower. |
| What is the correct term for low blood pressure? | Hypotension |
| What is the correct term for high blood pressure? | Hypertension |
| What impact does biological sex have on blood pressure? | Males are more prone to hypertension (high bp) due to where they tend to store additional body fat (around vital organs). Younger females, in general, tend to have lower levels of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. |
| What impact does age have on blood pressure? | Older individuals tend to have higher blood pressure due to a reduction in elastic tissue in their arteries. This causes them to become stiffer and less compliant. |
| What impact does oestrogen have on blood pressure? | A lack of oestrogen can increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure because the arteries do not dilate fully meaning the pressure has to be higher to push the blood around the body. |
| What impact does adrenaline have on blood pressure? | Adrenaline will cause an increase in systolic blood pressure but a decrease in diastolic blood pressure as the body moves into a sympathetic state (fight or flight). |
| What impact does diet have on blood pressure? | Diet has a huge impact on blood pressure. If the diet is high cholesterol and fat, then the arteries can become blocked and so both systolic and diastolic blood pressure will increase in an attempt to push the blood through the narrowed blood vessels. |
| What impact does levels of activity have on blood pressure? | Systolic blood pressure will rise during any physical activity but will return to normal when the body is at rest. However, if you exercise regularly then your blood pressure will decrease. |
| Why does our blood pressure decrease when we exercise regularly? | When we exercise our heart becomes healthier and stronger, which helps to pump blood with less effort around the body. This puts less pressure on the arteries, therefore systolic blood pressure will decrease. |
| What equipment do we use to measure blood pressure? | A manual and automatic sphygmomanometer |
| How do you spell the equipment used for blood pressure? | Sphygmomanometer |
| What is the definition for respiratory rate? | The number of breathes taken per minute |
| What is the normal range for breathes per minute? | Normal readings at rest range from 12-16 breaths per minute. |
| What impact does biological sex have on respiratory rate? | Males have a lower respiratory rate due to a more efficient respiratory system - their lungs, intercostal muscles and diaphragm are bigger meaning they can draw in more air with each breath. This reduces the amount of breaths needed per minute. |
| What impact does age have on the respiratory system? | Respiratory rate is greater in children and the elderly as the respiratory system is not efficient - the intercostal muscles and diaphragm are still developing in children, while degenerating for the elderly. This means they will breath in less air. |
| What impact does hormones have on respiratory rate, pulse and heart rate? | Adrenaline, progesterone and testosterone all increase respiratory rate. Adrenaline prepares the body for fight or flight so will increase RR to supply muscles with more oxygen to be active. Dopamine may decrease RR along with melatonin. |
| What impact does diet have on respiratory rate? | By increasing vitamin D levels, it can help to reduce inflammation of the airways and maintain respiratory rate. Weight can impact RR too, poor diet can increase RR. This is due to more cells being in the body, the lungs need to supply more oxygen. |
| What impact does levels of activity have on respiratory rate and weight? | Increased activity levels will allow you to manage your weight - leads to healthy BMI and lower RR due to lower levels of oxygen needed in the body. |
| What happens to our lungs and respiratory rate when we exercise? | Physical activity can strengthen the diaphragm and intercostal muscles allowing the lungs to draw in more air, and oxygen with each breath. This will decrease RR as the respiratory system becomes more efficient. |
| What impact does poor health have on respiratory rate? | RR will increase or decrease depending on the illness. Pneumonia or covid will increase RR as the lungs work harder to provide enough oxygen for the body to function. Thus the diaphragm and intercostal m become weak resulting in less oxygen and lower RR. |
| What impact does medication have on respiratory rate and pulse/heart rate? | Pain killers and depressants will reduce RR as the body moves into a parasympathetic state and will need less oxygen to function. Stimulants will increase respiratory rate as the body moves into a sympathetic state and will need more oxygen to function. |
| Definition of pulse/HR? | The number of beats of your heart per minute. |
| What is a normal resting heart rate? | A normal resting heart rate is between 60 and 100bpm. |
| What impact does biological sex have on pulse/heart rate? | Men have a lower HR due to a more efficient cardiovascular system - their heart is bigger and stronger so when it contracts it does so with more force compared to a small, weaker heart |
| How does having males having a stronger heart impact heart rate? | Having a stronger and bigger heart reduces the number of contractions needed per minute to pump enough blood around the body. The male can pump out the same amount of blood from the heart as a female in less heart beats. |
| How does age impact pulse/heart rate? | Heart rate is greater in children and elderly as the CVS is not as efficient. The heart muscle is still developing in children whilst degenerating in elderly. This means less blood is pumped out in each heart beat. |
| How does diet impact pulse and heart rate? | If diet is high in cholesterol and/or fat, HR may increase due to blockages in the arteries. Someone who is obese will have more cells in the body meaning the heart must pump more blood around body to supply oxygen. |
| What will happen to pulse and heart rate if you are dehydrated? | If there is an imbalance of electrolytes and/or you are dehydrated, the heart rate will increase |
| What impact does ill heath have on pulse/heart rate? | It will increase/decrease dependent on illness. Pneumonia/Covid would increase HR as the heart workers harder to provide oxygen for body to function. These illnesses can cause heart to become weak, the amount of blood pumped during contractions is less |
| What is the definition of oxygen saturation? | The percentage of oxygen-saturated haemoglobin. For example, if you have 100 haemoglobins in the blood and 50 had an oxygen molecule attached, then the oxygen saturation would be 50/100 or 50%. |
| What is the normal range for oxygen saturation levels? | Normal readings are between 95-100% |
| What is hypoxemia? | 92% or less represents hypoxemia. Hypoxemia means a seriously low level of oxygen in the blood. |
| What do you call a haemoglobin without an oxygen molecule attached? | Deoxygenated haemoglobin |
| What do you call a haemoglobin with an oxygen molecule attached? | An oxygenated haemoglobin |
| What does a pulse oximeter test? | It tests how fast your heart is beating and how well you are breathing, by checking the amount of oxygen in your blood |
| What would class as an abnormal heart rate? | Any reading either below 60 or above 120 are abnormal. |
| What impact does biological sex have on oxygen saturation? | None. |
| What impact does age have on oxygen saturation? | Oxygen saturation lowers as we age. This is because the heart and lungs are not working as efficiently as before, this reduces the amount of oxygen you inhale and reduces the amount in the blood. |
| What impact does hormone levels have on oxygen saturation? | If adrenaline is released the heart and lungs work harder to get more oxygen into the body to prepare for F&F. This will increase the OS as there is more oxygen present in the body. |
| What impact does diet have on oxygen saturation? | Eating iron-rich foods will increase your oxygen saturation along with reduce the amount of salt (sodium chloride) in your diet. A poor diet leads to obesity and can decrease oxygen saturation. |
| What impact does levels of activity have on oxygen saturation? | During exercise, OS decreases due to carbon dioxide being produced by the working muscles. However a long term exercise plan will increase OS as the respiratory system and cardiovascular system work better. |
| What impact does ill health have on oxygen saturation? | Respiratory illnesses such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis (damaged lungs) can reduce oxygen saturation. Altitude can also play a large impact as there is less oxygen in air to inhale. |
| What impact does medication have on oxygen saturation? | Bronchodilator inhalers, steroids and iron tablets all act to improve oxygen saturation. Antibiotics can improve oxygen saturation levels if the lungs are infected. |
| How does a pulse oximeter work? | A pulse oximeter uses light to work out oxygen sats. The red light and infrared light travels through and is absorbed by the blood to allow us to see how much oxygen there is. |
| What is homeostasis? | Homeostasis refers to the process invovled in maintaining a constant and balanced internal environment in the human body. These conditions are necessary for the body’s systems to function effectively. |
| What internal conditions does homeostasis help to maintain? | Body temp, water content, bodies carbon dioxide, blood sugar level |
Created by:
courtlex
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