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CDA Chapter 1

TermDefinition
Personal computers - General purpose, variety of software - Subject to cost/performance tradeoff
Server computers - Network based - High capacity, performance, reliability - Range from small servers to building sized
Supercomputers - High-end scientific and engineering calculations - Highest capability but represent a small fraction of the overall computer market
Embedded computers - Hidden as components of systems - Stringent power/performance/cost constraints
Programming language, compiler, architecture Determine number of machine instructions executed per operation
Processor and memory system Determine how fast instructions are executed
I/O system (including OS) Determines how fast I/O operations are executed
Application software Written in high-level language (HLL) such as C, C++, or Java
System software Consists of compiler and OS
Compiler Translates HLL code to assembly code (then assembler changes this to machine code)
Operating system (OS) - Handles input/output - Manages memory and storage - Schedules tasks & shares resources
Hardware Processor, memory, I/O controllers
High level language - Level of abstraction closer to problem domain - Provides for productivity and portability - C, C++, Java, etc..
Assembly language - Textual representation of instructions -RISC-V
Hardware representation - Binary digits (bits) - Encoded instructions and data
User-interface devices Display, keyboard, mouse
Storage devices Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash
Network adapters For communicating with other computers
Capacitive Allows multiple touches simultaneously
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Used to transmit or block light
Datapath Performs operations on data
SRAM Fast (good for cache), uses 6 transistors (large)
DRAM 1 transistor 1 capacitor, needs refresh, has retention issues, slow, small
Instruction set architecture (ISA) The hardware/software interface
Volatile memory - Loses instructions and data when power off - SRAM and DRAM
Non-volatile memory - Blu-Ray Discs and Optical disk (CDROM, DVD) - Flash memory - Solid State Drives - E2PROM
Local area network (LAN) Ethernet (Geographically confined)
Wide area network (WAN) The Internet
Moore’s Law The number of transistors roughly doubles every 24 months
Semiconductor A substance that does not conduct electricity well
Silicon A natural element that is a semiconductor
Silicon Crystal Ingot Like a giant sausage composed of a silicon crystal that is between 8 – 12 inches in diameter and about 12-24 inches long
Wafer A slice from a silicon ingot no more than 0.1 inches thick, used to create chips
Die Individual rectangular sections that are cut from a wafer (diced), more informally known as chips
Transistor An on/off switch controlled by an electrical signal
Yield The percentage of good dies from the total number of dies on the wafer
Bonding A process where it connects the good dies (not the flawed ones) to the input/output pins of a package
Execution time How long it takes to do a task
Throughput Total work done per unit time
Performance 1/Execution Time
User CPU time CPU time spent in the program
System CPU time CPU time spent in the operating system performing tasks on behalf of the program
Clock period Duration of a clock cycle
Clock frequency Cycles per second
Cycles per instruction (CPI) The average number of clock cycles each instruction takes to execute
Multicore microprocessors More than one processor per chip
System Performance Evaluation Cooperative (SPEC) Elapsed time to execute a selection of programs
SPECratio Reference time/Execution time
Amdahl’s Law Improving an aspect of a computer and expecting a proportional improvement in overall performance
Created by: 2773328169477309
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