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Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular System Components | 1. A pump (the heart) 2. A conducting system (blood vessels) 3. A fluid medium (blood) |
| A pump (the heart) | – Composed of cardiac muscle, found nowhere else in body – Oxygen-rich blood to body; returns oxygen-poor blood to lungs – Size of a fist |
| Cardiology | study of the heart and related disorders |
| Location of the Heart | Mediastinum-Space between lungs and behind the sternum Base-Broadest part, site of attachment on upper right Apex-Pointed end of heart, at lower left and pointing left |
| Structure of the Heart includes | Pericardium, Wall, and Chambers with Valves and Cardiac Skeleton |
| Pericardium | Double-walled sac surrounding heart made of 2 layers |
| Heart wall has how many layers | 3 |
| How many chambers are in the heart? | 4 hollow chambers |
| How many valves are in the heart | 4 valves |
| Pericardium has | 2 Layers and 1 Cavity |
| Fibrous pericardium is made up of | – Outermost layer of loose-fitting but strong, dense CT – Protects heart, anchors it to cavity, protects it from overfilling |
| Serous pericardium | – Innermost layer 1. Parietal pericardium lines inside of fibrous pericardium facing the heart 2. Visceral pericardium covers the surface of the heart itself (same as epicardium) |
| Pericardial cavity contains | serous fluid to reduce friction as heart beats |
| Pericarditis | Caused by pathogens in pericardium -Inflammation! -Pericardial surfaces rub against each other -Producing distinctive scratching sound -May cause cardiac tamponade -Restricted movement of the heart -Due to excess fluid in pericardial cavity |
| Four chambers of the heart | -Right Atrium Collects blood from systemic circuit -Right Ventricle Pumps blood to pulmonary circuit -Left Atrium Collects blood from pulmonary circuit -Left Ventricle Pumps blood to systemic circuit |
| Heart Chambers: Atria | -Upper chamber reservoirs for receiving blood from body or lungs -Right atrium Receives deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava & delivers it to right ventricle -Left atrium Receives oxygenated blood from lungs and delivers it to left |
| Heart Chambers: Ventricles | -Pumping chambers -Right ventricle Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs Thinner walls than left ventricle because only pumping to lungs -Left ventricle Pumps oxygenated blood to entire body and heart Thicker, muscular walls because must generate enough |
| Great Vessels of the Heart | -Superior vena cava -Inferior vena cava -Pulmonary trunk Divides into Right and Left Pulmonary arteries from pulmonary trunk -Four (4) Pulmonary veins -Aorta -Coronary Sinus |
| Heart Structures | Foramen ovale, Trabeculae carneae, Moderator band , |
| Foramen ovale | Opening in interatrial septum while in fetal stage; Allows oxygenated blood from mother to bypass lungs; At birth, seals to form fossa ovalis |
| Trabeculae carneae | Muscular ridges on the internal surface of the heart |
| Moderator band | Electrical highway of muscle connecting interventricular septum to a papillary muscle so they will contract and shut the tricuspid valve |
| The Cardiac Skeleton | Semi-rigid, fibrous CT encircling each valve “fibrous rings of the heart” 1.Supports heart and prevents stretching 2.Stabilizes valves 3.Insulating barrier separating atria and ventricles 4.Prevents stray electrical impulses |
| How to Close a Heart Valve: Papillary muscles | -Attach chordae tendineae to floor of heart at apex -Hold fast the chordae tendineae when the AV valves slam shut |
| How to Close a Heart Valve: Chordae Tendineae | Prevent valves from swinging open backwards and allowing blood to regurgitate into atria |
| What is a Cusp? | Cusps or leaflets are flaps of tissue which seal together to make a valve Two (bi-) or three (tri-) flaps of tissue, hence bicuspid and tricuspid Allows only one-way flow of blood Prevents blood backflow into the wrong chambers |
| Atrioventricular valves | One valve between each atrium and its ventricle |
| Semilunar valves | One valve at the exit of each ventricle to the lungs or body |
| 2 Atrioventricular (AV) Valves | Regulate flow between atria and ventricles |
| 2 Atrioventricular (AV) Valves | -Tricuspid valve -Bicuspid/Mitral valve |
| Tricuspid valve | -Right AV valve -Has 3 leaflets or cusps, hence tricuspid -Prevents backflow from right ventricle to right atria |
| Bicuspid/Mitral valve | Left AV valve Has 2 leaflets or cusps, hence bicuspid Prevents backflow from left ventricle to left atria |
| 2 Semilunar (SL) Valves characteristics | -Have half-moon shaped leaflets/cusps -Regulate flow between ventricles and the great arteries |
| 2 Semilunar (SL) Valves names | Pulmonary valve Aortic valve |
| Pulmonary valve | Prevents backflow from pulmonary artery to right ventricle |
| Aortic valve | Prevents backflow from aorta to left ventricle |
| Valvular heart disease (VHD) | -Deterioration of valve function -May develop after carditis (inflammation of heart) -May result from rheumatic fever (inflammatory autoimmune response to streptococcal bacteria) |
| Common Valve Problems | Valvular insufficiency, Heart murmur, Valvular stenosis |
| Valvular insufficiency | -Incompetent valve fails to prevent backflow during contraction -Allows blood to regurgitate back into the chamber from which it was pumped |
| Heart murmur | -the SOUND of regurgitation (insufficiency) -Turbulence of backflow due to incompetent or stenotic heart valves |
| Valvular stenosis | Stenotic valve is narrowed and causes the heart to strain Either can lead to heart fail. Replace with artificial or pig valves |
| Blood Flow Through the Heart | through Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation |
| Coronary Circulation uses | The heart’s own blood supply |
| Coronary Circulation | -Supplies blood to muscle tissue of heart -Coronary arteries Originate at aortic sinuses Elevated blood pressure and elastic rebound of aorta maintain blood flow through coronary arteries |
| Coronary Circulation (Heart to Heart) | Heart has own circulatory system due to high demand for oxygen and nutrients -End arteries Do not overlap with arteries coming from opposite direction. When injured, anything downstream of block gets no blood and dies. -Coronary arteries Deliver ox |
| Right Side Arteries of Heart | Right Coronary Artery Arises from aorta on right, just above aortic valve Travels in right coronary sulcus, just under right atrium Sinoatrial nodal artery Supplies the sinoatrial node (pacemaker of the heart) Right Marginal Artery Also called Acu |
| Left Side Arteries of Heart | -Left Coronary Artery Arises from aorta on left, just above aortic valve Very short! Splits (bifurcates) into two arteries -Anterior Interventricular Artery Also called the Anterior Descending Artery Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery – the Widow |
| Veins of the Heart | -Great Cardiac Vein Arises from anterior surface along intraventricular septum Travels in left coronary sulcus -Middle Cardiac Vein Arises from posterior intraventricular septum -Small Cardiac Vein Arises from right margin, travels in right corona |
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | -Coronary artery disease (CAD) Areas of partial or complete blockage of coronary circulation -Cardiac muscle cells need a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients Reduction in blood flow to heart muscle reduces cardiac performance -Coronary ischemia |
| Angina vs. Myocardial Infarction | Pain due to incomplete blockage of angina vs. complete blockage of MI |
| Angina pectoris | -Commonly one of the first symptoms of CAD -A temporary ischemia develops when workload of heart increases -Exertion or emotional stress can produce sensations of pressure, chest constriction, and pain -Pain may radiate from sternal area to arms, back |
| Myocardial infarction | -Coronary thrombosis – thrombus formation at a plaque -Consequences depend on site and nature of circulatory blockage -If near the start of one of the coronary arteries Damage will be widespread and heart may stop beating -If blockage involves small a |
| Myocardial infarction | -Causes intense, persistent pain, even at rest -Pain is not always felt May go undiagnosed and untreated, especially in women -Often diagnosed with ECG and blood studies -Damaged myocardial cells release enzymes into circulation 1.Cardiac troponin T |
| Collateral Circulation | -Alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another path, such as nearby minor vessels -After an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack), collateral circulation in the heart tissue will sometimes bypass the blockage in the main artery a |
Created by:
tarich5z
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