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TEST 1
Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What fibers are found in the dorsal root? | visceral afferent and somatic afferent |
| Where are pelvic splanchnic nn. cell bodies found? | within the grey matter of S2-S4 |
| What cranial nerves are involved in taste? | facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus |
| Olfactory n. (CN I) action | smell |
| Optic n. (CN II) action | sight |
| Oculomotor n. (CN III) action | eye movement |
| Trochlear n. (CN IV) | eye movement; superior oblique muscle |
| Trigeminal n. (CN V) | face sensations, mastication |
| Abducens n. (CN VI) | eye movement, lateral rectus muscle |
| Facial n. (CN VII) | face movement, taste, moves 2/3 anterior tongue |
| Vestibulocochlear n. (CN VIII) | hearing and balance |
| Glossopharyngeal n. (CN IX) | taste, posterior 1/3 of tongue, saliva |
| Vagus n. (CN X) | GI Tract, cardiac, respiratory system |
| Accessory n. (CN XI) | neck and back muscle |
| Hypoglossal n. (CN XII) | tongue muscles, sticking out tongue |
| What do somatic fibers innervate? | everything you are aware of |
| What do autonomic/visceral fibers innervate? | everything you are not aware of |
| Sympathetic chain target? | head and neck, heart and lungs, sweat glands and blood vessels of limbs and head (these synapse in the chain) |
| Pre-aortic ganglia target? | GI tract, adrenal gland, blood vessels in the abdominal cavity, renal system, pelvic organs |
| Head and Neck viscera sympathetic pathway? | ascend sympathetic chain -> synapse @ paravertebral ganglion (superior, middle, inferior cervical ganglia) ->gray rami communicans -> ventral and dorsal rami -> follow BV’s/nn. to target |
| Body wall viscera within T1-L2 sympathetic pathway? | synapse @ same level -> gray ramus communicans ->exits @ same level through ventral & dorsal rami -> fibers follow BV’s/nn. to target |
| Viscera outside of T1-L2 (upper/lower limbs) sympathetic pathway? | ascend or descend sympathetic chain -> synapse ->exit via gray rami communicans -> ventral rami -> fibers follow BV’s/nn. to target |
| Thoracic viscera sympathetic pathway? | ascend chain -> synapse in cervical ganglia -> exits via cardiopulmonary splanchnic n. -> fibers merge with esophageal/cardiac/pulmonary plexuses to target |
| Abdominal viscera sympathetic pathway? | exit paravertebral ganglia via splanchnic nn. (greater, lesser, least, lumbar) (NO SYNAPSE) -> synapse in prevertebral ganglion (celiac, aorticorenal, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric) -> follow BV’s to target |
| Pelvic viscera sympathetic pathway? | exit paravertebral ganglia via lumbar splanchnic nn. (NO SYNAPSE) ->synapse in superior hypogastric plexus ganglia ->descend into inferior hypogastric plexus -> fibers jump on named visceral plexuses (rectal plexus, uterine plexus, vesical plexus) to reac |
| Adrenal gland sympathetic pathway? | greater splanchnic n. -> pass through celiac ganglion WITHOUT SYNAPSING -> fibers synapse in adrenal medulla -> neurotransmitters released into bloodstream |
| Cardiopulmonary splanchnic nn. go to to what plexuses? | pulmonary, esophageal, cardiac |
| Conscious visceral sensations (pain): | take sympathetic fibers back to the CNS |
| Unconscious visceral sensations: | take PARAsympathetic fibers back to the CNS |
| Eyes sympathetic effect: | dilates |
| Eyes parasympathetic effect: | constricts and contracts |
| Skin sympathetic effect: | contracts (goosebumps), vasconstriction, sweating |
| Skin parasympathetic effect: | no effect |
| Glands sympathetic effect: | no direct effect |
| Glands parasympathetic effect: | promotes tear secretion and saliva secretion |
| Heart sympathetic effect: | increases HR + strength of contraction, allows for dilation of coronary vessels |
| Heart parasympathetic effect: | decreases HR + strength of contraction, constricts coronary vessels |
| Lungs sympathetic effect: | bronchodilation |
| Lungs parasympathetic effect: | bronchial constriction |
| Digestive tract sympathetic effect: | inhibits peristalsis, vasoconstriction of GI vessels, fecal continence |
| Digestive tract parasympathetic effect: | peristalsis + increases digestive secretions, defecation |
| Urinary tract sympathetic effect: | urinary continence |
| Urinary tract parasympathetic effect: | urination |
| Genitals sympathetic effect: | ejaculation |
| Genitals parasympathetic effect: | erection |
| Suprarenal medulla sympathetic effect: | releases adrenaline |
| Where do parasympathetic fibers synapse? | intramural ganglia |
| Where do sympathetic fibers synapse? | prevertebral ganglia OR paravertebral ganglia |
| What is the smooth muscle of gut and glandular tissue innervated by? | parasympathetic fibers |
| What is the smooth muscle of arteries innervated by? | sympathetic fibers |
| What is cardiac muscle innervated by? | both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers |
| Preaortic ganglia will become? | post ganglionic sympathetic neuron |
| Intramural ganglia will become? | post ganglionic parasympathetic neuron |
| Dendrites | receives signals from other neurons |
| Nucleus | control center |
| Soma/cell body | produces chemical signals/neurotransmitters |
| Glial cells | make up myelin sheath, insulate/increase transmission speeds |
| Axon | transmits signals |
| Myelin sheath | insulate/quicken electrical impulse transmissions |
| Axon terminals | communicate with other neurons via synapses |
| Broca's aphasia | inability to produce speech |
| Wernicke's aphasia | inability to comprehend speech |
| Diencephalon | thalamus, epithalamus and hypothalamus |
| Midbrain | facilitates motor movements, auditory/visual processing |
| Corpus callosum | physical/neural connections between cerebral hemispheres |
| Cerebellum | balance and coordination |
| Medulla oblongata | heart rate, breathing and blood pressure |
| Diencephalon function: | processes pain, homeostasis, hormone production |
| What is the limbic system responsible for? | emotions and memory |
| Agenesis | born without a corpus callosum |
| Pathway of CSF | lateral ventricle -> intraventricular foramen -> third ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct -> foruth ventricle -> median and lateral apetures -> subarachnoid space -> venous system (bloodstream) |
| Hydrocephalus | too much CSF in brain |
| Filum terminale internum | within the dural sac |
| Filum terminale externum | emerges out of sac (coccygeal ligament) |
| Cauda Equina | nerve roots, the collection of spinal nerves that extend distal to the spinal cord |
| Lumbar cistern | reservoir for CSF |
| Conus medullaris | tip, bundle of spinal cord nerves and nerve roots, usually between L1 and L2 vertebrae |
| Dural sac | dura mater ends, encloses the lumbar cistern, contains filum terminale internum |
| Where are cell bodies of pseudounipolar neurons found? | dorsal root ganglion, dorsal posterior horn of spinal cord, postcentral gyrus |
| Where does lumbar cistern begin? | the conus medullaris |
| What does the lumbar cistern contain? | CSF and spinal nerve roots |
| Where are cell bodies of multipolar neurons found? | ventral/anterior horn of spinal cord and the precentral gyrus |
| Where are the cell bodies of somatic afferent neurons located? | dorsal root ganglion/spinal ganglion |
| Which regions of the brain are associated with sensory information? | Postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe and thalamus of diencephalon |
| The spinal cord receives the majority of its blood supply via which of the following vessels? | Anterior spinal a. |
| Which structure is directly dorsal/posterior to the pons? | cerebellum |
| During a lumbar puncture/spinal tap procedure, what layers (superficial to deep) must the needle pass through in order to retrieve CSF? | Skin -> dura mater -> subdural space -> arachnoid mater -> subarachnoid space |
| Which lobe of the brain is responsible for cognition and personality? | frontal lobe |
| What can be found within the lumbar cistern? | CSF, cauda equina, filum terminale internum |
| Which of the following can be found running in a longitudinal direction, supplying the spinal cord, and originating from the vertebral a.? | posterior spinal a. |
| Where can preganglionic sympathetic fibers found? | white rami communicans, greater/lesser/least splanchnic nn., ventral root, cardiac plexus |
| How do parasympathetic fibers enter the pelvic cavity? | the inferior hypogastric plexus |
| Where are cell bodies of postganglionic neurons found? | the superior mesenteric ganglion |
| Contains BOTH postganglionic sympathetic AND preganglionic parasympathetic fibers? | cardiac plexus |
| At what spinal level are both white and gray rami communicans found? | T1-L2 |
| At which spinal levels are gray rami located? | every level |
| At which spinal levels are white rami located? | only T1-L2 |
| Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic neurons? | lateral horn of T1-L2 |
| Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons? | gray mater of brain and gray mater of S2-S4 ventral horns |
| Where are the cell bodies of POSTganglionic parasympathetic neurons? | ciliary, otic, pteropalatine, submandibular |
| Where does the vagus nerve originate? | gray mater of brain |
| What grooves can be found running anterior on the spinal cord? | anterior median fissure |
| What grooves can be found running posterior on the spinal cord? | posterior intermediate sulci |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 |
| What rami contributes to plexuses? | anterior (ventral) rami |
| Where does somatic efferent synapse occur? | lower motor neurons |
| Somatic sensory and somatic motor are both found in what structures? | posterior ramus, anterior ramus and spinal nerve |
| Where is the needle for a "spinal tap" inserted to? | lumbar cistern |
| Where is the needle for an epidural block inserted to? | epidural space |
| Denticulate ligament | an extension of pia mater that attaches laterally, limits movement of the spinal cord |
| Where does the posterior spinal aa. run through? | posterior intermediate sulci |
| Where does the anterior spinal a. run through? | anterior median fissure |
| Precentral gyrus | primary motor cortex |
| Postcentral gyrus | primary somatosensory cortex |
| What does the central sulcus separate? | frontal lobe and parietal lobe |
| Frontal lobe | muscle control, cognitive functions, planning, personality |
| Parietal lobe | process pain/touch/temperature, spatial orientation |
| Occipital lobe | visual processing |
| Temporal lobe | hearing, learning, memory, speech comprehension |
| Pons | regulation of breathing, sleep/wake cycles |
Created by:
katrinawolfram
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