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Digestive system
q/a
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Foregut is? | Stomodium--> mouth to stomach |
| Mid-gut is? | Mesenteron--> small intestine |
| Hind-gut is? | Proctordium--> large intestine |
| Median depression in upper lip of human is called? | Philtrum |
| In case of rabbit, the upper lip is called? | Hair lip |
| Sensitive hairs on lip of rabbit is called? | Whiskers/ Vibrissae |
| In humans, hard palate is supported by? | Maxilla and palatine |
| In rabbits, hard palate is supported by? | Pre-maxilla, Maxilla and palatine |
| Transverse ridge like structure in hard palate is called? | Rugae |
| Small conical hanging structure in soft palate is called? | Uvulla/ Vellum |
| Origin of teeth is? | Ectoderm--> Enamel Mesoderm--> Dentine down |
| Type of teeth in amphibians? | Homo/isodont Acrodont, Polyphyodont |
| Type of teeth in mammals? | Heterrodont, Thecodont, Diphyodont, Monophyodont(premolar+wisdom teeth) |
| Type of premolar and molar found in elephant? | Lophodont--> cusps |
| Type of teeth found in carnivores? | Secodont--> Deep cutting teeth |
| Dental formula of human? | Milk: I C P M 2 1 0 2 Perm: I C P M 2 1 2 3 |
| Dental formula of rabbit? | I C P M 2 0 3 3 1 0 2 3 |
| What is diastema? | The absence of canine teeth or space between incisor and premolar |
| Enamel is secreted by? | Amyloblast cells |
| Dentine is secreted by? | Odontoblast cells |
| Hardest substance is? | Enamel |
| Hardest tissue is? | Dentine |
| Circumvallate papillae | Largest, least, posterior tongue |
| Fungiform papillae | Small, conical, mushroom shaped |
| Filliform papillae | Smallest, dot like structure |
| Which papillae is absent in human but present in rabbit? | Folliateform papillae |
| Pharyngeal tongue (1/3) consist of gland called? | Ebner's/ Weber's/ Nuhn's/ mucous gland |
| Oral tongue (2/3) consists of? | Papillae |
| Common passage for both food and air is? | Pharynx |
| The three regions of pharynx is? | Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx |
| Openings of Nasopharynx | 2 eustachian tubes and 2 internal nares |
| Openings of Oropharynx | 1 gullet |
| Openings of Laryngopharynx | 1 glottis |
| The 4 layers of Alimentary canal are? | Serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa, mucosa |
| Serosa is absent in? | Oesophagus--> tunica adventia |
| Muscularis is absent in? | Stomach--> circular, longitudinal and oblique muscles present |
| Sub-mucosa is absent in? | Duodenum--> Bruner's gland is present which secretes mucous |
| Mucosa is absent in? | Oesophagus--> NKSET--> goblet cells--> mucous |
| Maximum digestion/ maximum gastric gland/ Maximum food storage is in which part of stomach? | Posterior or pyloric part |
| Rugae is present in which part of stomach? | Main body |
| Chyme is formed in which organ? | Stomach--> Chyme is a milky semi solid with acidic pH |
| Bolus is formed in which organ? | Mouth--> after chewing, alkaline pH |
| Longest organ of digestive system is? | Intestine (1m long) |
| Parts of small intestine is? | Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum (D.J.I) |
| Glandular region of small intestine? | Duodenum--> Bruner's gland--> mucous |
| Longest and narrow part of small intestine? | Ileum (3.5 m long) |
| Payer's patches are present in? | Ileum |
| Payer's patches are? | lymphocytic/ phagocytic cell--> engulf foreign bodies |
| What are crypts of Lieberkühn? | Interstitial glands that secrete intestinal juice |
| What is succus entericus? | Intestinal juice+ mucous |
| Parts of large intestine are? | Caecum, Colon, Rectum |
| Vermiform appendix is attached to? | Caecum |
| Valve between Ileum and Caecum is? | Ileocecal valve |
| Function of Ileocecal valve is? | Pass digested food from small intestine to large intestine |
| Inflammation of vermiform appendix is called? | Appendicitis |
| Function of vermiform appendix in herbivores? | It has bacteria and protozoa that secretes cellulase and helps in the digestion of cellulose |
| Constricted pouch like structure in colon is called? | Haustra |
| Longitudinal band like structure is called? | Taenia coli |
| Colon consists of E. coli which forms? | Vitamin B2, B12 and K |
| What are the digestive system glands? | Salivary gland, Gastric gland, Liver, Pancreas, Intestinal gland |
| What are the 3 pairs of salivary gland and their ducts in humans? | Parotid (largest)--> Stonson's duct Sub-mandibular--> Warton's duct Sub-lingual (smallest)--> Rivenous duct |
| What are the 4 pairs of salivary gland in rabbit? | Parotid, sub-mandibular, sub-lingual and infraorbital |
| How much saliva is produced in a day? | 1.5 lit/day |
| pH of saliva is? | 6.8 - 7.4 (relatively neutral) |
| What enzyme is present in saliva? | Salivary amylase (ptyalin)--> converts starch into maltose, iso-maltose and limit dextrin |
| Largest digestive gland is? | Liver (1/40th of body weight) |
| No. of lobes in frog, human and rabbit? | 3, 4 and 5 |
| Structural and functional unit of liver is? | Hepatic lobule |
| Outer layer of hepatic lobule is called? | Serous capsule |
| Inner layer of hepatic lobule is called? | Gelisson's capsule |
| Where are Kupffer cells present? | Kupffer cells are phagocytic cells of liver |
| pH of bile juice in liver? | 8.6 |
| pH of bile juice in gall bladder is? | 7.6 |
| 3 major bile salts are? | Na- taurocholate Na- glycolate NaHCO3 |
| What are two major bile pigments and their function? | Bilirubin (yellow)--> gives color to feces and increase causes jaundice Biliverdin (green)--> is converted to bilirubin, protects liver against lipid accumulation |
| What is liver cirrhosis? | When liver stores excess alcohol, it becomes hard and fibrous |
| What are stored in liver? | Fat, glycogen, Fe, Zn, Cu, alcohol |
| Protein formed by liver? | Plasma protein except gamma globin, thrombin + fibrinogen (clotting factors) |
| What is glycogenesis? | Glucose -------insulin----> Glycogen |
| What is glycogenolysis? | Glycogen ----Glucagon----> Glucose |
| What is deamination? | Amino acid + O2 -----> Ketoacid + NH2 2NH3+ CO2 -------> Urea + H2O |
| When does deamination occur? | Urea cycle/ Arnithine cycle |
| What is detoxification? | Removal of harmful substances like alcohol |
| What is emulsification? | Fats + Bile salt ----> Emulsified fat |
| What is the pH of HCl of stomach? | 2 to 3.7 |
| Function of oxyntic/parietal cells of stomach? | Secretes HCl--> kills germs and activates enzymes Secretes Gastric intrinsic factor--> adsorption of vit. B12 |
| Function of peptic cell/ chief cell of stomach? | Secrete pepsinogen (inactive) and Prorennin (inactive) |
| Physiology of pepsinogen? | Pepsinogen(inactive) + HCl ----> Pepsin (active) Pepsin + Protein ----> Peptones + Proteoses |
| Physiology of Prorennin? | Prorennin (inactive) + HCl -----> Rennin (active) Milk protein(Caesin) + Rennin ----> Paracaesin Ca + paracaesin ----->Calcium paracasseinate (curd) |
| What are the two Argentaffin cells? | G-cells and D-cells |
| Function of G-cell? | Secrete gastrin hormone and activate the gastric gland for secretion of gastric juice |
| Function of D-cell? | Secrete somatostratin hormone --> inhibits growth hormone, secretin, gastrin, GCKH |
| Exocrine part of pancreas? | Pacreatic cells/acini, BV. CT, NF |
| pH of pancreatic juice? | 8.4 |
| What are the enzymes present in pancreatic juice? | Trypsinogen, Chemo trypsinogen, Pancreatic amylase, Pancreatic lipase |
| Physiology of trypsinogen? | Trypsinogen (inactive) + Enterokinase----> trypsin trypsin + protein ----> peptones + proteases |
| Physiology of chemotrypsinogen? | Chemotrypsinogen (inactive) + trypsin -----> chemotrypsin |
| Physiology of pancreatic amylase? | Pancreatic amylase + starch ----> maltose + isomaltose + dextrin |
| Physiology of pancreatic lipase? | Pancreatic lipase + fats -----> Fatty acid + glycerols |
| Intestinal glands? | Brunner's gland ---> mucous Crypts of Lieberkühn---> Intestinal juice Mucous + Intestinal juice ---> succus entericus |
| What are paneth cells? | Defensive cells present in intestine |
| Alcohol and drugs are mainly absorbed in? | Stomach |
| End product of carbohydrate? | Glucose, fructose and galactose (absorbed in blood capillaries of villi) |
| End product of fat? | Fatty acid (absorbed in blood capillaries of villi) |
| End product of Protein? | Amino acid (absorbed in blood capillaries of villi) |
| End product of Fatty acid? | Bile salt (absorbed in lymph vessel of villi) --> in micellus ---> unit: chylomicron |
| Maximum absorption of digestive food takes place in? | Illeum |
| Maximum absorption of water takes place in? | Jejunum |
| Maximum absorption of vitamin and minerals takes place in? | Small intestine |
| Stool is stored in which region of alimentary canal? | Pyloric / sigmoid colon |
| Vomiting. swallowing/ peristalsis movement centre is? | medulla oblongata |
| Hunger and thirst is controlled by? | Hypothalamus |
| Which vitamin can be synthesized by gut bacteria? | Vitamin K |
| Gall bladder is attached to liver in region of? | Right lobe proper |
| Vestigial teeth found in humans? | Wisdom teeth |
| Crypts of Lieberkühn is which type of gland? | Simple tubular gland |
| Submucosa is thickest in? | Oesophagus |
| Function of goblet cells? | Production of mucin |
| Inner lining of gut, stomach and liver is? | Simple columnar epithelium |
| Which carries glucose from digestive tract to liver? | Hepatic portal vein |
| Chief cells or zymogen cells are found in the? | Base of tubular region |
| pH of ptyalin is? | Slightly acidic |
| Enzyme arginase is found in? | Liver |
| The bile secreted by the liver cells passes into gall bladder through? | Cystic duct |
| Cholesterol is synthesized in? | Liver |
| If pH of protein is 1,6, which enzyme will digest it? | Pepsin (pH 1.2-1.8) [Trypsin pH 7-9] |
| Enzyme lactase occurs in? | Intestinal juice |
| In which layer of stomach are gastric glands located? | Innermost mucosa layer |
| Main function of colon is to? | Absorb water from undigested food |
| During digestion, the lymphatics of the intestine become filled with fat globules, which give white colour to the lymph. This lymph is known as | Chyle |
| Energy produced by carbohydrate, fat and protein? | carbohydrate--> 4.1 kcal fat--> 9.45 kcal protein--> 5.65 kcal |
| Fatty acids and glycerol are first taken up from alimentary canal by? | Lymph vessels |
| Glucose and amino acid are absorbed by the intestine by? | Active transport |
| Boa's print is associated with? | Gastric ulcer |
| Valves of keckring occur in? | Intestine |
Created by:
Mushroomang
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