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VET 201- Exotic Lab
Nonhuman Primates (chp. 12)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Strepsirrhini | suborder that means "wet-nosed." Includes lemurs, lorises, and galagos. Resemble dogs/rodents more that true primates. Nocturnal, sensitive hearing, insects/fruit, breed seasonally, claw on second toe. |
| Haplorrhini | suborder that means "dry nosed." No single anatomic feature distinguishes them from other animals. Has greater brain-to-body ratio, facial expressions since upper lip not attached, diurnal, vision is primary sense. |
| Marmosets and Tamarins | new world primates that are part of the family Callitrichidae, smallest, soft silky hair and long tails that cannot grasp. Representative species: Common marmosets, Pygmy marmosets, Golden lion tamarins, Cotton-top tamarins. |
| Common marmoset | new world: the most callitrichid used in research, weigh 300-350 grams, unique characteristics (claws instead of nails, biovulatory, twinning is normal). Used for infectious disease, viral oncology, and reproductive studies. |
| Cotton Top marmoset | can only be used in research that is going to benefit the species. |
| Squirrel Monkey | new world: family Cebidae, called Saimiri sciureus, one of the most common used in research, 500-1500 grams, tractable nature, adapt well captivity. Important to study atherosclerosis. Dark muzzle, white hairless patch around eyes, prehensile tails. |
| Atherosclerosis | a disease of the arteries characterized by the deposition of plaques of fatty material on their inner walls. |
| Owl Monkeys | new world: family: Aotidae, called Aotus spp. 1 of only 2 nocturnal haplorrhine primates. Important in studying malaria, viral oncology, vision. 8 different species, long nonprehensile tails, 900-1200 grams, arboreal, monogamous. |
| Arboreal | (chiefly of animals) living in trees. |
| Rhesus | old world: Family (Cercopithecidae), called Macaca mulatta. Medium sized, hard red-brown hair, medium length tails. Females are smaller (4-9 kg) and males have large canine teeth and bodies (6-11 kg). |
| Rhesus Etc. Facts | Etc: -used for vaccine testing, pharmacology, toxicology, ifectious disease. -found across central Asia -supply from wild is no longer available -one of the most aggressive macaque species |
| Cynomolgus (Crab-eating Macaque) | old world: less aggressive than rhesus, used in drug testing/infectious disease, hair around face forms a small mane. |
| Olive Baboon + Yellow Baboon | old world: Family (Cercopithecidae), Genus (Papio spp.). Large (25-30 kg), long hair coats, used in sx/reproductive physiology/AIDs. Males are bigger and have longer dagger-like canines. |
| Chimpanzee | old world ape: Family (Hominidae) and Genus (Pan). Highest form of nonhuman primate used to test hepatitis and AIDs vaccines and psychobiology research. Females (40kg) and males (50kg). |
| Chimpanzee Facts | facts: -endangered -none have been imported into US from wild for years -CHIMP Act signed into law in 2000 -occasionally used for hepatitis B and C or AIDs vaccines. |
| Orangutan | old world ape: Family (Hominidae) and Genus (Pongo). They are not used in biomedical research. |
| Gorilla | old world ape: Family (Hominidae) and Genus (Gorilla). Native to equatorial Africa, 74-180 kg, endangered, used rarely in studies, can be used in learning/behavioral studies that are not detrimental to their health. |
| Nonhuman Primate Uses in Research | Less than 2% of animals in research -viral diseases -toxicology -behavior/learning -neurological diseases -dentistry -reproduction -infectious diseases |
| Nonhuman Primate Behavior | -social animals, groups of 20-100 animals -social hierarchy -baboons/macaques have large groups -some species can be solitary/live in small groups. |
| Social Hierarchy of NHP | Groups have one dominant male and female, then small number of males with high ranking females, then low-ranking males and females with younger animals. Male dominance changes every 4-5 years but females stay the same. Rank based on mother |
| New World Monkey (traits) | traits: prehensile tails, no ischial callosities, broad-nosed, require vitamin D3, no cheek pouches or opposable thumbs, have 3 premolar teeth per quadrant. |
| Old World Monkey (traits) | traits: no prehensile tails, ischial callosities are present in some species, narrow-nosed, some have cheek pouches, all have opposable thumbs, 2 premolar teeth per quadrant. |
| Housing | -stainless steel cages, slotted/grid floors, built-in squeeze cage, cage pans, secure lock, indoor pens connected to outdoor runs. |
| Enrichment/Social Housing | -positive human interaction, foraging/grooming boards, puzzle feeders, video games, audio, swings/perches, exercise cages. |
| Animal Welfare Act | this act made environmental enrichment required, must be provided with the opportunity to stimulate wild activities. |
| Sanitation Procedures | -all personnel must use universal precautions, housing requires a minimum of daily cleaning, racks/cages/pans/water bottles/feed hoppers need to be sanitized at least once every 2 weeks. |
| Restraint Methods | -chemical- Ketamine IM is drug of choice -physical- upper arms held behind back (animals less than 10 kg) -pole and collar (w or w/o restraint chair) |
| Pole-and-collar method | this requires 1 or 2 handlers, lightweight collar is secured around the neck of an anesthetized primate, trained using positive reinforcement, animal then placed in restraint chair/table. |
| Restraint Devices Specifications | specifications: not considered a normal housing, approved by the IACUC, minimum time period, not just for convenience. If restraint is over 12 hours, animal must have 1 free continuous hour unrestricted. |
| Identification Methods | -cage cards (never use as a sole mean) -permanent methods (tattooing chest/thigh, neck/ear tags, microchip) -temporary methods (hair shaving pattern, skin marking w/ marker or dye) |
| Blood Collection | this is done by using a femoral vein/artery, cephalic, or saphenous vein. |
| Oral Drug Admin. | this drug administration is done by placing drug in a piece of fruit/treat, crushing tablet in favorite food, monkeys can be trained to use oral syringe, can also use nasogastric/orogastric tube. |
| SC Drug Admin. | this drug administration is done in the loose skin over the dorsal cervical area. |
| IM Drug Admin. | this drug administration is done in the thigh muscles while avoiding the sciatic nerve. Triceps/gluteal muscles can be used in larger monkeys. |
| IV Drug Admin. | this drug administration is done in the cephalic, jugular, or saphenous vein. Surgical implant of a vascular access port for long-term dosing. Tether system can be used for continuous infusion of drugs |
| Routine Sx Procedures | -finger and tail amputations -laceration repairs |
| Euthanasia | animal is sedated with ketamine and then given an overdose of barbiturate/commercial euthanasia solution IV. Other methods are permissible if animal is fully anesthetized. |
| Most Common Health Problems | -Bacterial enteritis -Bacterial pneumonia |
| Significant Zoonotic Bacterial Diseases | -Tuberculosis -Shigellosis -Salmonellosis -Melioidosis -Staphylococcal and Streptococcal infections |
| Significant Zoonotic Viral Diseases | -Macacine herpesvirus 1 (herpes B) -Viral Hepatitis -Poxvirus -Yellow Fever -SV-40 -Poliomyelitis -Rabies -Measles |
| Significant Zoonotic Parasites | -Entamoeba Histolytica -Enterobius vermicularis -malaria if a vector is available -OW monkeys transmit many to humans -NW monkeys' parasites are not usually transmissible to humans |
| Tuberculosis | one of the most devastating diseases but not most common, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, more prevalent in OW monkeys, young macaques most susceptible. |
| Tuberculosis (CS) | CS: pneumonia, diarrhea, skin ulceration, suppuration of lymph nodes. Necropsy findings will show yellowish caseous nodules in the lungs and hilar lymph nodes. |
| Tuberculosis (Dx) | Dx: no one premortem test can definitely diagnose this disease, combination of tests are recommended: ID tuberculin skin test, rads, tissue/sputum/bronchoalveolar lavage and gastric aspiration contents for culture and/or special staining. |
| Isoniazid Disadvantages for Tuberculosis | -treatment is 1 year -has resistant strains -masks the disease -causes pyridoxine deficiency -alters experimental results Control by quarantining, testing, and eliminate reactors. |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | this disease is a common cause of fibrinopurulent pneumonia in OW primates. Aerosol transmission. Stress and waning passive immunity in neonates play a role in predisposing animals to infection and disease. |
| Bordetella bronchiseptica | causes fibrinopurulent hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia in NW monkeys, less of a problem in OW. |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | common cause of sinusitis in people, causative agent for bloody nose syndrome in macaques, organism does not always induce disease. |
| Moraxella catarrhalis (CS, Dx, Tx) | CS: epistaxis and occasionally periorbital edema. Dx: isolation of diplococcal organism Tx: antibiotics |
| Bacterial Gastroenteritis | this disease has 3 common types: Campylobacteriosis, Shigellosis, Salmonellosis |
| Campylobacteriosis | type of bacterial gastroenteritis in OW primates, asymptomatic carriers are common, Campylobacter jejuni is most frequently isolated. |
| Shigellosis | type of bacterial gastroenteritis that commonly involves Shigella flexneri. Transmissions by fecal-oral route. Stress may cause disease. Is severe/fatal in children. |
| Salmonella spp. | contamined feed/contact with infected animals are primary sources, CS are similar to shigellosis except vomiting is more common and disease is less acute, less common. |
| Necropsy for Salmonella spp | Necropsy findings: pasty to liquid intestinal contents, swollen and reddened intestinal mucosa (ileum), splenic congestion. |
| SLIDE 69 |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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