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VET 201- Exotic Lab
Mice
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mus musculus | mice |
| Rodentia | order of mice |
| Muridae | family of mice |
| Adult weight | 25-40 grams |
| Genetic Catergories | -outbred stocks, inbred strains, F1 hybrids, transgenics |
| Outbred Stocks | maintained in large populations, bred to maintain genetic heterogenity, minimizes genetic changes |
| Inbred Strains | bred to maintain maximum genetic homogeneity, nearly genetically identical, produced for a specific trait |
| Nude (nu/nu) Mice | a mutant strain of mice that are deficient in T-cell lymphocytes and are nearly hairless. Can be severe combined immunodeficient. |
| F1 Hybrids | first offspring of mating between two different inbred strains. |
| Transgenic Technology | has been around for 50+ years and was founded on the ability to alter genetic makeup of organisms. A foreign piece of DNA is integrated into the genome of the organism. |
| Germ-free (axenic) | microbiological classification that is free of all detectable microflora |
| Gnotobiotic | microbiological classification that has known associated microflora |
| Specific Pathogen Free | microbiological classification that is free of a defined list of pathogens |
| Conventional | microbiological classification where there is undefined microflora. |
| Conventional Animals | those that carry an unknown and uncontrolled number of microorganisms. |
| Germfree Animals | animals that harbor no detectable bacteria, viruses or other microorganisms. Bred and maintained in completely sterile environment. |
| Gnotobiotic Animals | animals have a defined flora. Animals are devoid of microbial life and then deliberately given (PO) several varieties of harmless bacteria. The bacteria will help the animal to over come some GI problems. Must be handled under sterile conditions. |
| Specific Pathogen-Free (SPF) | free of specific pathogens. Vendor eliminates a certain microorganisms. Can mean various things to different institutions. |
| Mice Functions | is the #1 mammal used in research. Used in reproduction, teratogenicity, genetics, toxicity, and carcinogenicity studies. |
| Mice Desirable Attributes | -short life span and gestation, relatively inexpensive, east to maintain, large litter size, genetic diversity, anatomy and physiology well characterized. |
| Thigmotaxis | avoiding open areas, "wall behavior." |
| Barbering | an abnormal behavior where mice lose hair and whiskers from over grooming themselves or others. Is more common in females. |
| Rodent Dental Formula | 2 (I 1/1, C 0/0, P 0/0, M 3/3) |
| Hypsodontic | where teeth grow continuously throughout life. These teeth are worn down by abrasion of occlusal surface. (Ex. incisors) |
| Mouse Stomach | is divided into nonglandular forestomach and glandular stomach |
| Brown Fat | this is important in nonshivering thermogenesis (an increase in metabolic heat production that is not associated with muscle activity). |
| Mammary Glands | there are 5 pairs of these, they are widely distributed extending onto sides and back. |
| Sexing | genital papilla is more prominent in the males, the distance between anus and genital papilla is 1.5-2 times greater in the male. |
| Hematology of Mice | -lymphocytes are predominant circulation leukocyte -basophils rarely found -site of collection, time of day can influence -WBC counts of limited diagnostic value |
| Urine | -is excreted one drop at a time -highly concentrated -large amounts of protein -pH 7.3-8.5 |
| Polyestrous | having more than one period of estrus in a year. |
| Estrous Cycle | 4-5 days, can become reproductively active shortly after weaning (21 days) |
| Sexual Maturity | 6-8 weeks |
| Monogamous Mice | pair of one female and one male, defined mating pairs must be maintained, smaller number of offspring. |
| Polygamous | pair of one male and multiple females or a "trio" is commonly used, maximizes production and space utilization. |
| Pheromones | chemical substances secreted from body that elicit a behavioral reaction to recipient. Important in mice. |
| Whitten Effect | synchronization of estrus, large groups of females housed together, then exposed to male odor. |
| Bruce Effect | aborting pregnancy, recently bred (4d) female mouse exposed to strange male odor. |
| Lee-Boot Effect | female mice housed in group without male exposure become synchronized in estrus. W/ absence of male pheromones, females have suppressed estrus cycle. |
| Gestation | 19-21 days |
| Reproduction/Breeding | adults and offspring may be co-housed until wearning. Breeders replaces at 8-10 months of age. Mating is confirmed by presence of sperm in female and vaginal plug |
| Litter Size | 6-12 pups, cannibalism can occur |
| Pups | altricial vs precocial, fur coering and ears open by day 10, eyes open by day 12, begin eating solid food at 2 weeks, weaned at 21 days. |
| Micro-isolation Cages (MI) | commonly used to house laboratory mice, especially immunosuppressed animals. Shoebox-style cages made of durable plastic, have plastic lids with filters. |
| Space Requirements | this depends on the number of mice housed in cage. Additional floor space is needed for females with litters or larger mice. 5 inch minimum height and 15 sp inches per mouse. |
| Feeding and Watering | mice consume 4-5 g of solid food per day, fed ab libitum. |
| Identification Methods | -cage cards, ear notching, numbered ear tags, implantable microchips, temporary nontoxic color marking, tattoos. |
| Blood Volume | this is 7% of the body weight (g) |
| Blood Collection | up to 10% of circulating blood volume (1% of body weight) can be withdrawn every 2-4 weeks. Larger volume/frequent collection is possible if fluid replacement is provided. |
| Blood Collection Sites | -retroorbital sinus (anesthesia/ocular anesthetic), lateral saphenous vein, facial vein, cardiac puncture (anesthesia), toenail clip, tail veins and arteries. |
| Urine Collection | mice can be stimulated to urinate upon handling or placement on cold surface, requires use of a metabolic cage, daily volume production of adult is 0.5-1 mL. |
| Oral Administration | this drug administration uses the drug mixed into feed or water, or can use specialized gavage needles. |
| Needle Size | 25g needles should be used, these are smaller. |
| Injections | SQ injections are preferred, IM injections are not preferred because of small muscle mass and possible nerve damage. Intraperitoneal injection is the best route for ketamine/irriating drugs, IV requires a lateral tail vein. |
| Mice Anesthesia | fasting is not recommended before doing this. All injectable agents should be diluted. Analgesics must be administered to control surgical pain. Mice should be placed on a dry paper towel for recovery. |
| Mice Surgery | aseptic technique should be used during this |
| Intra/Post Operative Care | mice need heat after surgery, use sterile opthalmic ointment if animal's blink reflex is lost, provide SQ fluids after long surgeries. Place on a dry paper towel for recovery and moistened chow/gelatinous water. |
| Euthanasia Methods | methods must be consistent w/ the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia. -CO2 commonly used, overdose of an anesthetic, IP injection of anesthetic overdose. |
| Secondary Euthanasia Methods | -cervical dislocation, exsanguination (blood draining), opening the thorax. |
| Pronuclear Injection | injection of DNA into fertilized eggs. |
| Gene Targeting | injection of genetically modified embryonic stem cells into preimplantation embryos. |
| Knockout (KO) Mice | mice that man be engineered. A specific gene is deleted/disrupted. Gene function can be determine by examining the abnormalities produced by absence of the gene. |
| Knock-in (KI) Mice | mice that get a transgene inserted in a specific location without deletion or inactivation of the normal genetic sequence. |
| Pneumonia and Respiratory | these bacterial diseases are uncommon unless immunologically deficient or stressed. CS: teeth chattering, dyspnea (difficulty breathing), wt loss, conjunctivitis. |
| Helicobacter Infection | this bacterial disease has numerous strains, vary in pathogenicity. Live in the stomach/GI, transmitted fecal-oral route. Infections are persistent, clinical signs not seen until liver disease is end stage. |
| Tyzzer's Disease | bacterial disease that is caused by Clostridium piliformed. Recently weaned and immunosuppressed animals prone. CS: diarrhea, dehydration, anorexia. Treated w/ tetracycline. |
| Transmissible Murine Colonic Hyperplasia | bacterial disease cause by Citrobacter rodentium. CS: diarrhea, slow growth, ruffled fur, soft feces, rectal prolapse. Mortality varies. Necropsy will show thickened colon. PCR suggested for dx. Tx: neomycin, tetracycline, sulfamethazine. |
| Hyperkeratosis-Associated Coryneform (HAC) | bacterial disease caused by Corynebacterium bovis. Occurs in nude mice/neonatal SCID mice. High mortality in suckling mice. CS: dry white flaky skin, dehydration, pruritis. Tx: euthanasia |
| Staphylococcus aureus and S. xylosus | bacterial disease that commonly affects the skin, associated with abscesses. |
| Streptococcus Spp. | bacterial disease that is associated with dermatitis, pharyngitis, cervical lymphadenitis, bacteremia. |
| Pseudomonas Aeruginosa | bacterial disease caused by contaminated drinking water. Is an opportunistic organisms, irradiated/immunosuppresed mice are susceptible. Leads to rapid septicemia, edema of the head, lesions, anorexia, and death. |
| Corynebacterium Kutscheri | a bacterial disease that has a high mortality septicemia. Produces disseminated abscesses. Treatment usually not successful. |
| Salmonella spp. | a bacterial disease that is a rare problem. Infection is significant due to zoonosis. |
| Streptobacillus moniliformis | uncommon bacterial disease. One of the causes of the zoonotic disease rat-bite fever. |
| Parvovirus | viral disease that can persist in the environment for months to years. Two types that naturally infect lab mice: Mouse parvovirus (MPV is greater concern) and Mouse minute virus (MMV). Neither usually cause clinical disease. |
| Sendai Virus | highly contagious Parainfluenza 1 virus that is rarely seen. Can cause respiratory disease. Immunosuppressed mice highly susceptible and develop a wasting disease. Recent outbreaks are associated w/ contaminated biological materials. |
| Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV) | a highly contagious coronavirus, one of the common viral contaminants. Virus sheds in feces/respiratory secretions. CS: severe diarrhea/runting/encephalitis w tremors/high mortality. Does not persist in immunocompetent mice. |
| Epizootic Diarrhea of Infant Mice (EDIM) | in suckling mice less than 2 wks of age. CS: soft yellow feces/accumulation around anus. No treatment besides supportive care. |
| Murine Retroviral Infection | |
| Ectromelia (Mousepox) | the Poxvirus, uncommon in the US. High morbidity/mortality w no clinical signs. CS: conjunctivitis and pox-like rash. |
| Pneumonia Virus of Mice (PVM) | viral disease that has asymptomatic infections, but can cause dyspnea/listless/wasting. Can cause wasting disease in immunodeficient mice. Self-limiting and acute infections. |
| Murine Norovirus (MNV) | important to human pathogens causing more than 90% of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis. Common in lab mice. Affects immune system. Many strains detected. |
| Mites | parasitic disease, sporadically detected. Most common are: Myobia musculi, Radfordia affinis, and Myocoptes musculinus |
| Pinworms | most common nematode in mice, high portion of conventional colonies affect, usually no CS's. Not transmissible to humans. Can alter the humoral immune response. |
| Lice | parasite highly uncommon laboratory mice |
| Tapeworms | uncommon parasite in mice, most cases are asymptomatic. |
| Flagellates | occurs in small intestine and cecum. Asymptomatic in older animals, younger have diarrhea. Metronidazole used to treat giardiasis. |
| Neoplasia | the uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body. |
| Ulcerative Dermatitis | a genetically linked skin syndrome. Lesions most common over dorsal cervical and scapular regions. Tx have limited efficacy, some success in early treatment of trimming affected animal's nails. |
| Hair Loss | bilaterally symmetrical areas of alopecia on muzzle caused by friction from bars on the feeder, caused by barbering behavior. |
| Malocclusion | overgrowth of incisors, can lead to emaciation and death. CS: excessive drooling and matted fur around chin/neck. Incisors can be trimmed w suture removal scissors or dental bur. |
| Transgenic Mice | mice that have a compromise immune function, decreased reproductive ability, altered growth patterns, and painful musculoskeletal conditions. |
| Hyperkeratotic Dermatitis | scaly skin disease. |
| Pruritis | severe itching of the skin, as a symptom of various ailments. |
| Septicemia | blood poisoning, especially that caused by bacteria or their toxins. |
| Chronic Wasting Disease | damages portions of the brain and typically causes progressive loss of body condition, behavioral changes, excessive salivation and death. |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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