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VET 109- A + P
Muscular System- chp 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Muscle Characteristics | -excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity |
| Muscle Functions | -provide motion, maintain posture, generate heat |
| Skeletal Muscle | type of muscle controlled by the conscious mind, moves bones of the skeleton. Is a striated muscle. |
| Cardiac Muscle | type of muscle only found in the heart, is a striated involuntary muscle. Contains small cells with a single nucleus |
| Smooth Muscle | type of muscle that carries out unconscious internal movements of the body, found all over. Has a single nucleus in the center, cells ball up as it contracts. |
| Tendons | attach to bones by fibrous tissue bands, is a continuation of epimysium |
| Aponeuroses | attach to bones or muscles by broad sheets of fibrous tissue |
| Origin | a more stable site, does not move much when muscles contract |
| Insertion | site that undergoes the most movement when a muscle contracts |
| Agonist | the prime mover, directly produces a desired movement |
| Antagonist | directly opposes the action of an agonist |
| Synergist | contracts at the same time as agonist to assist its action |
| Fixator | stabilizes joints to allow other movements. |
| Cutaneous Muscles | thin broad superficial muscles, found in connective tissue just beneath the skin, little or no attachment to bones. |
| Head and Neck Muscles | muscles used to control facial expressions, enable mastication, support/raise/lower the head and move head laterally, move sensory muscles, close the jaw. |
| Abdominal Skeletal Muscles | muscles that support abdominal organs, help flex the back, participate in defecation/urination/vomiting, and have a role in respiration. |
| Abdominal Muscle Layers | -external abdominal oblique muscle, internal abdominal oblique muscle, rectus abdominis, and transversus abdominis. |
| Linea Alba | where the left and right parts of the abdominal muscles come together. |
| Thoracic Limb Skeletal Muscles | functions mainly for locomotion. Includes superficial muscles of the brachium, brachial muscles, and carpal/digital muscles |
| Pelvic Limb Skeletal Muscles | functions mainly for locomotion. Includes the muscles of the hip joint, muscles of the stifle joint, and muscles of the tarsus/digits |
| Skeletal Muscles of Respiration | function is to increase and decrease the size of the thoracic cavity. Includes inspiratory muscles and expiratory muscles. |
| Myofibrils | for the interior of muscle fiber, is a series of many sarcomeres lined up end to end. |
| Sarcomere | series of protein filaments that make up contractile units of muscle cells. |
| Protein filaments responsible for contraction | thick dark myosin and thin light actin |
| Visible bands | -A band, H band, I band, Z band |
| Neuromuscular Junction | site where ends of motor nerve fibers connect to muscle fibers. Synaptic vesicles at the end of the nerve fiber contain neurotransmitter acetylcholine |
| Motor Unit | |
| Connective Tissue Layers | these hold components of muscle together, they contain blood vessels and nerves, they are continuous with tendons or aponeuroses |
| Relaxed muscles fibers | when the muscles are in this state, the actin and myosin filaments are slightly overlapped |
| Stimulated muscle fibers | when muscles are in this state: the cross-bridges ratchet back and forth, the actin filaments are pulled toward the center of myosin filaments, and sarcomere is shortened. |
| All-or-nothing Principle | when stimulated, individual muscle fiber contracts completely or not at all. The nervous system controls the number of muscle fibers stimulated. |
| Twitch Contraction | a single muscle fiber contraction, contractions are out of sync with each other. This includes latent phase, contracting phase, and relaxation phase. |
| Maximum Contraction Efficiency | this is when nerve impulses arrive 0.1 second apart, this results in series of complete muscle fiber twitches. |
| Aerobic Metabolism | when adequate oxygen supply is needed for the muscle fiber, maximum energy extracted from each glucose molecule |
| Anaerobic Metabolism | when the need for oxygen exceeds available supply, lactic acid formed in incomplete glucose breakdown. |
| Heat Production | muscle activity generates heat. Panting/sweating are mechanisms that eliminate excess heat and shivering is a spasmodic muscle contraction that increases heat production |
| intercalated Disks | these fasten cells together |
| Cardiac Muscle Physiology | -cells contract with no external stimulation -groups of cells contract at the rate of the most rapid cell in the group -contractions are rapid and wavelike |
| Sinoatrial (SA) Node | located in the wall of the right atrum, generates impulse to start each heartbeat. The impulse follows the controlled path through the heart. |
| Heart Systems | the sympathetic system (stimulates heart in flight/fight response) and the parasympathetic system (inhibits cardiac function) |
| Smooth Muscle main forms | -visceral smooth muscles (large sheets of cells in walls of some hollow organs) -multi-unit smooth muscle (small discrete groups of cells) |
| Microscopic Anatomy- smooth muscle | actin and myosin filaments are arranged as small contractile units that crisscross the cell. Dense bodies at each end correspond to Z lines of skeletal muscle |
| Visceral Smooth Muscle | muscle found in the walls of many soft internal organs, they contract in large rhythmic waves and without external stimulation. The sympathetic system decreases activity and parasympathetic increases activity. |
| Multi-unit Smooth Muscle | individual smooth muscle cells or small groups of cells, found where small delicate contractions are needed. Contraction requires impulses from autonomic nervous system |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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