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Endocrine phys

Phys review!

QuestionAnswer
What is the integration center for the endocrine and nervous system? hypothalamus pituitary complex
What do these two systems monitor? Nervous Endocrine Nervous system - Electrical or chemical signalling, Responds to external enviroment. Endocrine system - chemical signals, responds to internal environment of body.
What does up regulation and down regulation mean? Up regulation - Target cells add more receptors in response to low chemical levels. Down regulation - Target cells remove receptors in response to too high hormone levels.
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete? Melatonin
Which hormone type can pass through the cell membrane? - Lipid soluble - hydrophobic
Which hormone type triggers amplification? - Amino acid - water soluble.
Which hormones increase glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and synthesis of proteins? Growth hormone - Glycogenolysis Cortisol - Lipolysis T3&T4 - Protein synthesis
Which gland requires iodine to produce its hormones? Thyroid
What are the two connections of the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? Hypothalamus connected via axon / nerve Pituitary gland - blood portal
Anterior pituitary hormone review: Somatotrophs- Produce and secrete growth hormone
Anterior pituitary hormone review: Lactotrophs - Prolactin (lactation)
Anterior pituitary hormone review: Gonadotrophs - Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone (maturation of sex cells)
Anterior pituitary hormone review: Corticotrophs - Adrenocorticotropic hormone - Adrenal cortex
Anterior pituitary hormone review: Thryorophs - Thyroid stimulating hormone
What are the functions of the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin? Where are they stored? They are stored in Posterior pituitary Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions and milk stuff ADH - Antidiuretic hormone - Promotes water retention - kidney cells.
Name the hormones that affect the anterior pituitary: (There are 7) GHRH - GH releasing GHIH Growth hormone inhibiting PRH - Prolactin releasing PIH - Prolactin inhibiting (dopamine) GRH - Gonadotropin releasing CRH - Corticotropin Releasing TRH - Thyrotropin releasing
Which hormone increases osteoblast activity and which gland secretes it? Parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone.
Name the layers of the adrenal cortex, and the type of hormones they produce? Zona Glomerulosa - Mineralcoritocoids - aldosterone : controls sodium and potassium Zona Fasciculata - Glococoritocids - cortisol Zona Reticularis - Steroid sex hormones and androgens
Which two hormones contribute to water retention? Antidiuretic hormone, Growth hormone (aldosterone)
Which cells produce insulin and what is the hormones function? Beta cells in pancreas - Insulin reduces glucose in blood.
Which cells produce glucagon and what is its function? Alpha cells in pancreas - Increase blood glucose level.
What are the stages to GAS? Alarm - short term - adrenal - epinephrine, norepinephrine Resistance - long term - Corticotrophine, Growth hormone, Thryoid Exhaustion - Cannot maintain - Decrease in immune functions, depression, physical symptoms.
Where are eicosanoids derived from and what do they regulate? released from all body cells, and regulate inflammation
What are paracrine and autocrine glands? Paracrine - release hormones into neighbouring cells Autocrines - release hormones into them selves. They are both LOCAL
What hormones do the testes and ovaries produce testes - Testosterone Ovaries - Estrogen and Progesterone
Define receptor specificity in relation to hormones. Hormones will only affect the activity of its target cells - ones that have receptors for that hormone
Where do lipid soluble hormones bind to receptors? In the cell past the cell membrane.
Where do water-soluble hormones bind to receptors? On the surface of the cell. Only T3 and T4 (thyroid hormones) can pass through the membrane.
Water soluble hormones cause, which type of reaction inside target cells? Amplification - a cascade of phosphorylation to increase speed and efficiency.
Which hormones does the thyroid gland secrete and, what is the function of these hormones? T3 & T4 - Protein synthesis. Influence bodys basal metabolic rate. Calcitonin -Reduces blood Ca2+ levels
Which hormones does the adrenal medulla produce and, which part of the nervous system innervates the medulla? Epinephrine and norepinephrine Sympathetic nervous system
Oxytocin target cells: Uterus and breasts
Antidiuretic hormone Targets: Kidneys and smooth muscles of arterioles
Growth hormone releasing hormone targets _____(a)______ ____(a)______ releases ______(b)________ ___(b)_____ Targets____( c)________ a) Somatotrophs b) Human Growth Hormone c) Liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage , bone
Growth hormone inhibiting hormone targets _____(a)______ ____(a)______ Stops or decreases______(b)________ a) Somatotrophs b) human growth hormone.
Prolactin releasing hormone targets _____(a)______ ____(a)______ releases ______(b)________ ___(b)_____ Targets____( c)________ a) Lactotrophs b) Prolactin c) Mammary glands
Prolactin inhibiting hormone targets _____(a)______ ____(a)______ Stops or decreases______(b)________ a) Lactotrophs b) Prolactin
Gonadotropin releasing hormone targets _____(a)______ ____(a)______ releases ______(b)________ ___(b)_____ Targets____( c)________ a) Gonadotrophs b) Luteinizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormone c) Ovaries and testes
Corticotropin releasing hormone targets _____(a)______ ____(a)______ releases ______(b)________ ___(b)_____ Targets____( c)________ a) Corticotropes b) Adrenocorticotropic hormone c) Adrenal cortex Zona Fasciculata
Thyrotropin releasing hormone targets _____(a)______ ____(a)______ releases ______(b)________ ___(b)_____ Targets____( c)________ a)Thyrotrophs b) Thyroid stimulating hormone c) Thyroid gland follicular cells
Cells between the pituitary lobes release __(a)____ Which then target ____(b)_____ a) Melanocyte stimulating hromone b) Melanocytes
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