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VET 109- A + P
Chap 6- integument & related structures
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Integument Structures | -epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, special features |
| Related Structures | -hair, glands, claws and dewclaws, hooves, horns |
| Integument | one of the largest and most extensive organs of the body, contiguous w/ mucous membranes that line the mouth/nostrils/anus. |
| Integument Functions | -covers/protects underlying structures -barrier -prevent moisture loss -store nutrients -maintain body temp -excrete water/salt/organic wastes |
| Thin Skin | skin that is around eyes and scrotum |
| Thick Skin | skin that is on the center of the lumbar region, between the shoulder pads, and paw pads |
| Epidermis | is a keratinized stratified sqaumous epithelium, has a basement membrane. Interdigitates with dermis. |
| Dermis | is a dense fibrous connective tissue, is vascular (blood). |
| Hypodermis | is adipose, has a thermoinsulator and shock absorber |
| Types of Epidermis Cells | -keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells |
| Keratinocytes | the majority of epithelial cells. Produces keratin. |
| Keratinization | when new daughter cells push older cells away from the dermis. |
| Melanocytes | lives in the deepest layer of the epidermis, produces melanin pigment and protects keratinocytes from ultraviolet rays. |
| Merkel Cells | lives at epidermal-dermal junction, possibly aids in the sensation of touch. Always associated with sensory nerve endings. |
| Langerhans | type of macrophage specific to the epidermis, helps stimulate other aspects of the immune system, phagocytizes microinvadors |
| Keratin | tough fibrous waterproof protein that gives skin its resiliency and strength |
| Stratum Basale | the "basal layer" of the epidermis, deepest layer. Composed of a single row of keratinocytes, and contains merkel cells, melanocytes, and keratinocytes. |
| Stratum Spinosum | the "spiny layer" of the epidermis. Composed of several layers of keratinocytes held together by desmosomes. Contains langerhans cells. |
| Stratum Granulosum | the "granular layer" of the epidermis. Composed of 2-4 flattened diamond-shaped keratinocytes. Cells die quickly in this area. |
| Stratum Lucidum | the "clear layer" of the epidermis. Found in very thick skin, most skin lacks this layer. Composed of few rows of flattened dead cells. |
| Stratum Corneum | the "horny layer" of the epidermis. Composed of 20-30 rows of keratinocyte "remnants." Dominates 75% of the epithelium |
| Hairy Skin | typically has 3 epidermal layers rather than 5. Composed of the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, and stratum corneum |
| Dermis | the greatest portion of the integument, provides structural strength by binding epidermis to underlying tissue. Is a dense irregular connective tissue. Has papillary layer and reticular layer |
| Papillary Layer | layer underneath the epithelial layer of the epidermis. Contains blood vessels and sensory receptors. Is a loose connective tissue that forms dermal papillae. |
| Reticular Layer | layer that is 80% of the dermis. Is a dense irregular connective tissue. In areas where bending occurs/dermal folds present. |
| Hypodermis | called the subcutaneous layer or subcutis. |
| Pacinian Corpuscle | special touch receptor, sensitive to heavier pressure than Meissner's corpuscle. |
| Pigmentation | presence or absence of melanin granules in the extensions of melanocytes. More granules present > darker pigmentation. |
| Planum Nasale | on top of the nose in cats, pigs, sheep, and dogs. Is usually pigmented and is composed of only 3 epidermal layers (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum corneum). Is aglandular in dogs and glandular in sheep/pigs. |
| Planum Nasolabiale | on the muzzle of cows and horses, is usually pigmented and is composed of 3 layers (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum corneum). Is glandular in cows. |
| Chestnuts | a dark horny structure on equine legs. Is a dark brown medial aspect of carpus and tarsus. Vestiges of carpal/tarsal pads. |
| Ergots | much smaller than chestnuts on equine leg. Is often overlooked because they are buried in the long caudal hairs of the fetlock. Vestiges of 2nd and 4th digital pads. |
| Cutaneous Pouches | these are infoldings of skin on sheep. Has numerous sebaceous and oil glands. Ex. infraorbital pouches, interdigital pouches, inguinal pouches. |
| Hair | traps insulating layers of air to maintain body temp. Coat color can aid in light absorption and camouflaging. |
| Regions Without Hair | -hooves, lips, paw pads, horns, nipples, inner folds of genitalia, nasal region |
| Hair Shaft | part of the hair visible above the skin |
| Hair Root | part of the hair buried within the skin |
| Hair Follicle | this anchors the hair. |
| Hair Bulb | deepest and widest part of the hair follicle |
| Papilla | mound of dermal cells at the base of the hair bulb. Is covered in rapidly dividing epithelial cells called the matrix and is nourished by blood vessels in underlying papilla. |
| Root Hair Plexus | a web of sensory nerve endings, envelopes the root and touch receptor. |
| 3 Layers of Follicle Wall | -internal epithelial root sheath, external epithelial root sheath, connective tissue root sheath |
| 3 Layers of Hair Strands | -medulla, cortex, and cuticle |
| Medulla | the inner layer and central core of hair strands, is flexible and composed of soft keratin. Composed of 2-3 layers of loosely arranged cells separated by spaces filled with liquid/air. |
| Cortex | the middle layer of hair strands, is the thickest layer. Is stiff and rigid and composed of hard keratin. |
| Cuticle | the outer surface of hair strands, is a single layer of cells composed of hard keratin. |
| Growth Cycles of Hair | -anagen phase, catagen phase, telogen phase |
| Anagen Phase | part of the hair cycle that has hair growth. Cells are added at the base of the root and the hair lengthens. |
| Catagen Phase | part of the hair growth cycle, the transition between anagen and telogen phases |
| Telogen Phase | resting phase of the hair growth cycle. Maximum length of hair is achieved and hair stops growing, hair follicle shortens. |
| Primary/Guard Hairs | hairs that are straight or arched, they're thicker and longer than secondary hairs |
| Secondary/Wool-Type Hairs | hairs that are softer/shorter than primary hairs. This is a predominant hair type in species with wool-type coats. |
| Tactile/"Sinus" Hairs | hairs that are used as probes/feelers. They contain numerous sensory endings and are commonly known as whiskers. |
| Pheomelanin | produces yellowish and reddish colors |
| Tyrosine Melanin | produces brown-black colors |
| Arrector Pili Muscles | attached to each hair follicle, contraction of the muscle pulls the hair to an erect position. Is also responsible for forcing sebum from sebaceous glands. |
| Sebaceous Glands | gland found all over except on paw pads/nose. Located in the dermis, can be simple or complex. Most have a single duct that empties into hair follicle. |
| Sebum | oily lipid substances composed of glycerides and free fatty acids, is white and semi-solid texture. Coats the base of the hair and surrounding skin. |
| Sweat Glands | also known as sudorferous glands, found over the entire body of most domestic species. Two types: eccrine and apocrine |
| Eccrine Sweat Glands | sweat gland that empties onto surface of skin through a long duct. Excretory portion consists of a simple coiled tube located in the dermis or hypodermis. Only in footpads of dogs |
| Apocrine Sweat Glands | sweat gland that empties into hair follicles. Coiled excretory portion buried in the dermis or hypodermis, has single excretory duct. Found in ear canal in dogs. |
| Tail Glands | oval region at the dorsal base of the tails of most dogs and cats, surrounded by course oily hairs, very large apocrine/sebaceous glands present. Assists with recognition between animals. |
| Corium | modified dermis, well innervated and sensitive to pain, divided into 5 areas (perioplic corium, coronary corium, laminar corium, sole corium, frog corium). |
| Laminar Corium | corium that consists of primary and secondary lamina, located between the hoof wall and the third phalanx. |
| Perioplic Corium | corium located in perioplic sulcus |
| Coronary Corium | corium found in coronary sulcus |
| Sole Corium | corium located superior to the sole, provides nutrients to the sole. |
| Frog Corium | corium located superior to the frog, provides nutrients to the frog. |
| Hoof Parts | -wall, sole, frog |
| Hoof Wall | external portion of the hoof visible from the anterior, lateral, and medial views. |
| Hoof Sole | the plantar/palmar surface of the hoof, outer layers are avascular. |
| Hoof Frog | the triangular horny structure located between the heels on the underside of the hoof. |
| Circulatory Pump | allows blood flow through the foot by the frog and digital cushion working together. |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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