Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
PMI A&P Ch3
PMI Anatomy & Physiology Ch3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cells | size and shape; human cells vary considerably in size; all are microscopic; cells different notably in shape |
| cytoplasm | fluid in which all the organelles are in |
| organelles | specialized structures within the cytoplasm |
| plasma membrane | forms outer boundary of cell; composed of a thin, two-layered membrane of phospholipids containing proteins; is selectively permeable |
| ribosomes | may attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or lie in cytoplasm; made of two tiny subunits of mostly ribosomal RNA; manufacture enzymes and other protein compounds; often called the protein factories |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | network of connectiong sac and canals; carry substances through fluid cytoplasm; |
| golgi apparatus | group of flattened sac near the nucleus; collect chemicals into vesicles that move from the smooth |
| mitochondria | composed of inner and outer membrane sacs; involved with energy-releasing chemical reactions; contains one DNA molecule; ATP |
| lysosomes | membraneous-walled organelles; contain digestive enzymes; have a protective function (eat microbes); formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (programmed cell death) |
| centrosome | region od cytoplasm near nucleus; serves as microtubule-organizing center of cell; centrioles found within centrosome; paired organelles that lie at right angles to each other neat the nucleus; function in cell reproduction |
| microvilli* | cell extension; small, fingerlike extension |
| flagella | single projections extending from cell surfaces; much larger than cilia |
| nucleus | surrounded by nuclear envelope; made up of two separate membranes; contains nuclear pores; contains nucleolus |
| chromatin | unwound DNA; found throughout interphase; DNA is being used for macromolecule synthesis |
| chromosomes* | tightly packaged DNA; |
| relationship of cell structure and function | every human cell has a designated function; some help maintain the cell; others regulate life processes of the body itself; specialized functions of the cell differential depending on the number and the number and type of organelles |
| passive transport | does not require added energy; result in movement "down a concentration gradient" |
| diffusion | substances scatter themselves evenly throughout an available space; it is unnecessary to add energy to the system; movement is from high to low concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of water (when some solutes cannot cross the membrane); substance always tries to equalize itself |
| dialysis | diffusion of solutes; concentration |
| filtration | movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of membrane; responsible for urine formation |
| active transport process* | occurs only in living cells; movement of substances is "up the concentration |
| ion pumps | a protein complex in the cell membrane; ion pumps use energy from ATP to move substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradients; example: sodium-potassium pump and calcium pump; some work with other carries |
| phagocytosis | a protective mechanism often used to destroy bacteria |
| pinocytosis | used to incorporate fluids or dissolved substances into cells |
| phagocytosis and pinocytosis | both are active transport mechanisms because the require cell energy |
| cystic fibrosis | characterized by abnormally thick secretions in the airways and digestive ducts, results from failed Cl- (chloride ion) transport |
| cholera | a bacteria infection that causes Cl- and water to leak from cells lining the intestines, resulting in severe diarrhea and water loss |
| cell growth and reproduction | DNA molecule resembles a long, narrow ladder twisted round and round its axis; shaped in a double helix; each molecule is made of a sugar (deoxyribose), bases, and phosphate units; bases are nitrogen-containing chemicals: adenine,thymine,guanine,&cytosine |
| AT | adenine attached to thymine |
| GC | cytosine attaches to guanine |
| DNA | complementary base pairing: each step of DNA ladder contains a base pair; adenine-thymine or cystonine-guanine; a gene is specific segment of base pairs in a chromosome |
| DNA location | nucleus of the cell |
| protein synthesis | occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, thus genetic information must pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm |
| transcription* | making a copy of the blueprint; double-stranded DNA separates to form messenger RNA (mRNA); each strand of mRNA duplicates a particular gene )base |
| translation | involves synthesis of proteins in cytoplasm by ribosomes; requires use of information contained in mRNA; codon: series of three nucleotide bases that ace as a code for a specific amino acid |
| abnormal DNA | is inherited, or that results from damage, is often the basis of disease |
| factors that cause damage to DNA molecules | chemical or mechanical irritant, radiation, bacteria, and viruses |
| **mutagenic substances we are exposed to in the OR | ** |
| *DNA replication | process by which each half of a DNA molecule becomes a whole molecule |
| mitosis | process in cell division that distributes identical chromosomes into each of the new cells formed when the original cell divides |
| prophase | first stage; chromatin granules become organized; chromosomes appear; centrioles move away from nucleus; nuclear envelope disappears, freeing genetic material; spindle fibers appear |
| metaphase | second phase; chromosomes align across center of cell; spindle fibers attach themselves to each chromatid |
| anaphase | third stage; centromeres break apart; separated chromatids no called chromosomes; chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell; cleavage furrow develops at end of anaphase |
| *telophase | fourth stage; last stage; cell division is completed; nuclei appear in daughter cells; nuclear envelope and nucleoli appears; cytoplasm is divided (cytokinesis) |
| hypertrophy | increase in size of individual cell; increasing size of tissue |
| atrophy | decrease in size of individual cells; decreasing size of tissue |
| hyperplasia | increase in cell reproduction, increase size of tissue |
| anaplasia | production of abnormal, undifferentiated cells |
| benign cancer | encapsulated in one area; can still grow but can not go to different tissues |
Created by:
cdilello
Popular Surgery sets