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VET 109- A + P
Introduction & Cell Anatomy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | deals w/ the form and structure of the body and its parts. |
| Physiology | deals w/ the functions of the body and its parts. |
| Microscopic Anatomy | structures are so small that we need a microscope to see them clearly. |
| Macroscopic Anatomy | gross anatomy, can be seen by the eye. |
| Regional Anatomy | individual regions of the body |
| Systematic Anatomy | individual systems of the body |
| Bilateral Symmetry | left and right halves that are mirror images of each other |
| Dorsal Body Cavity | cavity that houses central nervous system |
| Ventral Body Cavity | cavity that contains most of the viscera (organs) of the body |
| Thorax | contains heart, lungs, esophagus, and many major blood vessels running to and from the heart. Contains pleural fluid w/ visceral and parietal layers |
| Pleura | thin membrane covering all organs of the thoracic cavity and the cavity itself. |
| Pleuritis/Pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura |
| Abdomen | contains digestive, urinary and reproductive organs. Contains peritoneal fluid w/ visceral and parietal layers. |
| Peritoneum | thin membrane covering all organs of the abdominal cavity and the cavity itself. |
| Peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum |
| Cells | the basic functional units of animal life |
| Tissues | specialized cells that group together. 4 types- Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. |
| Levels of Organization | cells > tissues > organs > systems > organisms |
| Homeostasis | maintaining a stable internal equilibrium, the whole body is responsible. |
| Prokaryote Cells | cells which do not possess a nucleus |
| Eukaryote Cells | found in all multi-cellular organisms today. Characterized by having a distinct nucleus in which the DNA has combined with protein to form chromosomes surrounded by a protective nuclear envelope |
| Size Limitations | cells is restricted to a range of 10 to 30 µm in diameter because of the relationship between the surface area and the volume of a cell. Small cells have larger surface to absorb substances. Large cells/active cells have 2+ nuclei. |
| Mammalian Cell Anatomy | structures found in all mammalian cells include the cell membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus. |
| Cytoplasm | everything inside the cell membrane other than the nucleus and genetic material. Composed of cytosol, (proteins, electrolytes, AA, simple sugars), a flexible cytoskeleton, and organelles. |
| Cell Membrane | acts as a flexible, elastic barrier between the inner cytoplasm and the outside environment, governs the movement of atoms and molecules in and out of the cell. Consists primarily of protein and phospholipids. |
| Lipid Bilayer | part of the membrane structure that is composed of two layers of phospholipid molecules arranged so that the hydrophilic “heads” are on the outside and the hydrophobic fatty acid “tails” are on the inside. |
| Fluid Mosaic | proteins are suspended in the bilayer and move easily throughout the membrane to create a constantly changing pattern. |
| Integral/Channel Proteins | span the entire width of the membrane and may create channels through which other molecules can cross. |
| Peripheral Proteins | are bound to the inside and outside surfaces of the cell membrane. |
| Glycocalyx | phospholipids and the externally protruding ends of proteins on the outer layer are attached to sugar groups (glycoproteins and glycolipids). Enhances cell-to-cell adhesion and serves as a biological marker for cell recognition. |
| Caveolae | small 50 nm hollow spaces within the plasma membrane Produced from rafts in the plasma membrane that contain protein caveolin. |
| Functions of Caveolae | endocytosis, transcytosis (from one side of the cell to the other), and contact signaling (communication with another cell). |
| Cilia and Flagella | these 2 are extensions of the plasma membrane that extend into the extracellular space. Composed of 9 pairs of microtubules that encircle a central pair of microtubules. |
| Basal Bodies | a pair of centrioles where cilia and flagella originate from, located at the periphery of the cell. |
| Cilia | move synchronously, creating waves of motion that propel fluid, mucus, and debris across the cellular surface. Occurs in large numbers on the exposed surface of some cells. |
| Flagella | attached to individual cells and propel the cell forward by undulating. Usually occur singly and are significantly longer than cilia. |
| Cytoskeleton | three-dimensional frame for the cell, composed of 3 fibers: microtubules, intermediate fibers, microfilaments. |
| Cytoskeleton Function | gives support and shape to the cell, enables cell to move, provides direction for metabolic activity, anchors the organelles. |
| Centrosome | important region of the cytoskeleton located near the nuclear envelope. It builds and breaks down microtubules. Is composed of centrioles, pericentriolar material, and asters. |
| Centrioles | small hollow cylinders composed of microtubules, found in pairs with their long axis perpendicular to one another. Visible during cell division. |
| Organelles | membrane-bound structures within the cytoplasm that possess specialized cellular functions. Similar in composition to the plasma membrane, but no glycocalyx coating. |
| Mitochondria | produces most of the energy that fuels the cell. Enclosed by two membranes. |
| Outer Membrane | membrane on the mitochondria that is smooth |
| Inner Membrane | membrane on the mitochondria that contains folds called cristae that increase the working surface area. |
| Ribosomes | composed of 2 globular subunits that contain protein and ribosomal RNA, important site for protein synthesis. |
| Intracellular Proteins | manufactured on ribosomes that are distributed evenly and freely throughout the cytoskeleton. |
| Plasma Membrane/Exported Proteins | synthesized on ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | series of flattened tubes stacked on one another and bent into a crescent shape The walls are composed of a single lipid bilayer and are continuous with the membranes of the nucleus and Golgi apparatus. |
| Rough ER | has ribosomes on its surface and is involved in the production of protein |
| Smooth ER | is involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids. |
| Golgi Apparatus | composed of stacks of flattened, crescent-shaped tubes called cisternae. Acts as a modification, packaging, and distribution center for molecules |
| Lysosomes | specialized vesicle formed by the Golgi apparatus. Contains hydrolytic enzymes enclosed in a single protective membrane Functions to breakdown nutrient molecules into usable smaller units and to digest intracellular debris |
| Proteasomes | tiny hollow organelle filled with protease found in cytoplasm and nucleus. Breaks down misfolded or unwanted proteins, can only break down one protein at a time, ubiquitin tags proteins, recycles proteins into short peptides |
| Peroxisomes | membranous sacs that contain enzymes. Reproduce by pinching in half , important in the detoxification of various molecules, assist in the removal of free radicals, found throughout the cell. |
| Two Major Types of Enzymes | peroxidase (assist in conversion of free radicals to hydrogen peroxide) and catalase (reduces hydrogen peroxide to water). |
| Vaults | hollow, tiny, barrel – shaped structures with tapered ends, comprised of proteins and vault RNA (vRNA), extremely numerous throughout the cell, transport molecules to and from the nucleus. |
| Inclusions | metabolic products or substances that the cell has engulfed. Can have single-layer membranes or be non-membrane bound. |
| Nucleus | dark-staining, spherical or multi-segmented body. Primary functions: -Maintain the hereditary information of the species -Control cellular activities through protein synthesis |
| Parts of the Nucleus | nuclear envelope/membrane, nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleolus. |
| Nuclear Envelope | composed of two lipid bilayers and a perinuclear cisterna (space between laters). Outer layer contains endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and nuclear pores. |
| Chromatin | made up of DNA and histones. Light or dark fibers in the nucleoplasm. |
| DNA | double-stranded molecule (double helix), a single strand winds around 8 histone molecules forming a granule called a nucleosome. |
| RNA | a single-stranded molecule that has no opposing strand. A single strand is similar in structure to each of the strands found in DNA. |
| DNA & RNA | made up of chains of nucleotides. Composed of three subunits: a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are linked to form a "backbone" of alternating sugar and phosphate groups. |
Created by:
Riley.Scherf
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