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Cardiovascular
Advanced Patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is cardiac output composed of | SV+ HR |
| What is cardiac output | volume of blood pumped from each ventricle in a minute |
| What is preload | Diastoic filling, amount of blood entering ventricles during diastole |
| What is contractility | Systolic ejection, how hard the myocardium must contract with given preload |
| What is afterload | resistance to systolic ejection, happens in systole when ventricles are contracting, the resistance they must overcome to circulate blood |
| What increases Afterload | HTN, aortic and pulm disease |
| What does sustained tachycardia result in | decreased stroke volume |
| what has the most immediate effect of afterload | HTN |
| What does hemorrhage cause | Decrease in afterlaod (decrease in blood volume from dehydration can also do this) |
| What does increased LVEDV cause | Increase preload |
| What causes primary R HF | Pulmonary issues ie COPD |
| S/s of R HF | R JVD, peripheral edema, acities, heptosplenomegaly |
| Stage A of HF | Has At risk factors like CAD, but s/s or damange |
| Stage B of HF | Has structrual damage but no s/s |
| Stage C of HF | Has both structural damange and s/s ( when classifications one into play) |
| Stage D of HF | Endstage HF, need max meds to treat, transplant or palliative |
| Stage 1- Mild NYHA class | no limitation |
| Stage 2- Moderate NYHA class | slight limitation, ok at rest, not with activity |
| Stage 3- Severe NYHA class | marked decrease in activity |
| Stage 4- Very severe NYHA class | no physical activity |
| Aortic stenosis murmur sound | mid systolic cresendo, decresendo |
| Aortic regurg murmur sound | diastolic rumbling, high pitches |
| Mitral stenosis murmur sound | Low pitched |
| Mitral stenosis s/s | JVD, decrease CO, SOB, crackles |
| Mitral regurg murmur soung | Blowing |
| Mitral regurg s/s | SOB, JVD crackles |
| what is S1 | AV valves closing, mitral and tricuspid |
| What is S2 | Semiluminar valves closing, aortic and pulmnonic |
| What is EDV | The amount of blood in vent before systole (120) |
| What is ESV | Amount of blood left in vent after systole (50) |
| How is EF calcuated | SV/EDV |
| What relation ship do HR and SV have | Inverse |
| What does the PNS due to HR | vasodialation, decrease HR |
| What does the SNS do to HR | vasoconstriction, increase HR |
| S4 sound | due to aortic stenosis, gallop TEN-NESS-SEE |
| What causes a widened pulse pressure | Aortic regurg |
| S3 sound | due to heart failure, from dilated ventricles. KEN-TUK-Y |
| what happens in systole | Ventricles are contracting |
| What happens in diastole | filling, and relaxation |
| what is stroke volume | amount of blood pumped by each ventricle on each beat (ml/beat) |
| what are the 4 determinants of CO | heart rate, preload, afterload, and contractility |
| what are 3 factors that can influence prelaod | venus return, blood volume and atrial contraction |
| what are 3 factors that can influence afterload | atheroslerosis, HTN, vasoconstriction ( they increase resistance therefore increase afterload) |
| What factors increase contractility | SNS, noradrenline, and medication |
| What factors decrease contractility | PNS, achetlycholine, calcium channel blockers and beta blockers |
Created by:
kristengeis
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