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Z. Venzor Pract fina
Physio Practice Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following is a protein substance with no DNA or RNA and is thought to be the cause of mad cow disease? | Prion |
| Which of the following is not one of the basic components in a feedback control loop? | Transmitter |
| Epidemiology is the study of the _____ of diseases in human populations. | All of the above: occurrence, distribution, transmission |
| The normal reading or range of normal is called the: | set point. |
| Intrinsic control: | is sometimes called autoregulation. |
| Pathogenesis can be defined as: | the course of disease development. |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | oppose a change. |
| Which of the following may put one at risk for developing a given disease? | all of the above: Environment , Stress, Lifestyle |
| Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of: | the body trying to maintain homeostasis. AND a negative-feedback mechanism |
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | autoimmunity. |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? | Structural and functional |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| The amino group in an amino acid is: | NH3+. |
| Sometimes referred to as animal starch, _____ is the main polysaccharide in the body. | glycogen |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis. |
| The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure? | Secondary |
| Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? | Creatine phosphate |
| Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the human body? | Salts |
| Which of the following is not true of both triglycerides and phospholipids? | They both contain a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end. |
| All of the following substances are organic except: | electrolytes. |
| The term glycoprotein, a combination of two words, tells you that the compound is made of _____, with _____ being the dominant component. | carbohydrate and protein; protein |
| If one side of a DNA molecule is CTAGGCTG, the other side would be: | GATCCGAC. |
| The type of lipoprotein associated with “bad” cholesterol and the production of atherosclerotic changes in blood vessels is: | LDL. |
| Which lipid is part of vitamin D? | Steroids |
| Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | Primary |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called: | aquaporins. |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be: | hypertonic. |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? | Prophase |
| Diffusion of particles through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule is called: | facilitated diffusion. |
| Two solutions of different concentrations of glucose are separated by a membrane that allows both glucose and water to pass through. When dynamic equilibrium is reached, there will be: | an even exchange of material across the membrane. |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to: | hypertrophy. |
| A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding site, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane. This describes the process of: | carrier-mediated transport. |
| Twenty-three chromosomes per cell in humans is referred to as: | haploid. |
| The physical process by which water and solute move through a membrane when a hydrostatic pressure gradient exists across the membrane is the process of: | filtration. |
| If a sequence of nitrogen bases in nucleic acid were A-U-C-G-A, which of the following would be true about the nucleic acid? | It contains ribose sugar. |
| Water will move through the cell membrane by: | Water will move through the cell membrane by: |
| Transcription can be best described as the: | synthesis of mRNA. |
| Phagocytosis is an example of: | endocytosis. |
| The pairing of bases of a strand of DNA is obligatory. If a strand of DNA were composed of the base sequence of ATCG, what would be the obligatory sequence of its opposing base pairs? | TAGC |
| Which is not true about the sodium and potassium pump? | Sodium moves into the cell and potassium moves out of the cell. |
| Which is not a function of connective tissue? | Communication |
| In what area of the body would you expect to find an especially thick stratum corneum? | Sole of the foot |
| The hypodermis: | connects the dermis to underlying tissues. |
| Which type of connective tissue helps newborns maintain body temperature by producing heat? | Brown fat |
| The type of tissue that contains cells called neurons is called: | nervous. |
| A tissue is: | a group of similar cells that perform a common function. |
| Which of the following is not a function of adipose tissue? | Defends the body from microbes and injurious substances |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | Connective |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissue? | Is important in communication and control |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: | mesenchyme. |
| Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are | Small cells that synthesize and secrete a specialized organic matrix are |
| Until bone growth in length is complete, a layer of the cartilage, known as the _____, remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis. | epiphyseal plate |
| Bones act as a reservoir for which of the following minerals? | Calcium |
| Young children’s bones have a greater risk of fracturing because of incompletely ossified bone. | False |
| During childbirth, a baby passes through an imaginary plane called the: | pelvic outlet. |
| As the activity of osteoblasts increases, the: | amount of calcium in bone increases. AND level of calcium in the blood decreases. |
| In bone growth, the medullary cavity is enlarged because of the activity of: | osteoclasts. |
| The human hand has greater dexterity than the forepaw of any animal because of the freely movable joint of the: | thumb. |
| In bone formation, the cells that produce the organic matrix are the: | osteoblasts. |
| An open fracture is also known as a compound fracture. | True |
| Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when | complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix. |
| In the epiphyseal plate, the zone of hypertrophy is in the _____ layer. | third |
| The primary ossification center of a long bone is located: | in the diaphysis. |
| A condition that is caused by an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature is | kyphosis. |
| Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types? | osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| The substance that attracts oxygen in the myoglobin molecule is: | iron. |
| The opposite of eversion is: | none of the above. NOT protraction, depression, nor retraction. |
| Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle is incorrect? | Cardiac muscle requires nervous stimulation to contract. |
| White fibers are also called _____ fibers. | fast |
| All of the following are true characteristics of an isometric contraction except: | movement is produced. |
| Physiological muscle fatigue may be caused by: | ALL of the above: a relative lack of ATP, high levels of lactate, AND failure of the sodium-potassium pumps. |
| Moving a body part away from the medial plane of the body is called: | abduction. |
| Attempting to pick up an object too heavy to lift would result in which type of muscle contraction? | Isometric |
| Which type of muscle does not have T-tubules? | Smooth |
| Which of the following proteins found in myofilaments contains the cross-bridges? | Myosin |
| Which type of muscle is responsible for peristalsis? | Single-unit smooth |
| The type of movement possible at a synovial joint depends on the: | shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones. |
| What are the most movable joints in the body? | Synovial |
| All of the following are noninflammatory joint disorders except: | juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition? | Saddle |
| No impulse can be sent through a neuron: | during the absolute refractory period. |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct an impulse that is how much faster than the slowest fibers in the body? | Almost 300 times faster |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine neurotransmitter. |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately _____ meters per second. | 130 |
| For a neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, which of the following channels must open? | Potassium and/or chloride channels |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse: | chemical transmitters are released. |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | amines. |
| Neurotransmitters are released in a synapse and bind to: | receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines. |
| Which of the following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? | ALL are used as neurotransmitters: Nitric oxide, Acetylcholine and Carbon monoxide |
| A synaptic knob would be located on a(n): | axon. |
| The neurotransmitter(s) that inhibit(s) the conduction of pain impulses is(are): | enkephalins. |
| Which of the following is true of spatial summation? | Neurotransmitters released simultaneously from several presynaptic knobs converge on one postsynaptic neuron. |
| Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n) ____ charge. | negative |
| Acetylcholine is in the same class of neurotransmitters as: | NONE of the above: serotonin., histamine. or dopamine. |
| If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | willed movement |
| Which of the following is not true? | One bundle of nerve fibers (nerve roots) projects from each side of the spinal cord. |
| A child was frightened by a large dog. The pupils of the child’s eyes became dilated, and the heart and respiratory rates increased. These symptoms were caused by stimulation of: | the sympathetic nervous system. |
| Normal infants will show the Babinski reflex up to the age of _____ years. | 1.5-2 |
| Which of the following statements is not true? | The major function of the parasympathetic division is to serve as an “emergency” system. |
| Acetylcholine can stimulate _____ receptors. | nicotinic |
| Afferent nerves or fibers are found only in the _____ nervous system. | sensory AND autonomic |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by filtration of blood in the: | choroid plexuses. |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. | False |
| Tic douloureux is a painful neuralgia of the _____ nerve. | trigeminal |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. |
| A mixed nerve is one that: | carries both sensory and motor fibers. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal and _____, and is absorbed back into the blood. | subarachnoid space |
| All of the following are examples of parasympathetic stimulation except: | increased heart rate |
| Impulses from the _____ play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum. | thalamus |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? | Chemical messenger travels a short distance |
| The somatic senses enable us to detect sensations, including: | All of the above: touch., temperature. and pain. |
| The production of thyroid hormone is stimulated by another hormone from the | anterior pituitary. |
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors? | Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone. |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | Internal organs |
| All of the following are true statements except: | aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis. |
| Which of the following statements is not true of the pineal gland? | Melatonin is stimulated by the presence of sunlight. |
| Dynamic equilibrium depends on the functioning of the | crista ampullaris |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | corticotrophs. |
| The last step in the nonsteroid hormone mechanism of action is: | protein kinases activate other enzymes. |
| protein kinases activate other enzymes. | It follows the all-or-none law. |
| Sensory impulses ending in what part of the CNS trigger imprecise or “crude” sensation awareness? | Thalamus |
| Which of the following is a function of glucagon? | Tends to increase blood glucose concentrations |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is | endolymph. |
| A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of: | polycythemia. |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as | fibrinolysis. |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| Cardiac output is determined by | stroke volume and heart rate. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| All of the following are true statements except: | both atria receive their blood supply from branches of the right and left coronary arteries. |
| Factors that affect the strength of myocardial contraction are called | inotropic factors. |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called | diapedesis. |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called | pulse pressure. |
| Blood pressure is measured with the aid of an apparatus known as a(n) | sphygmomanometer. |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells. |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | lymphotoxin |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | tonsils. |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus. |
| Bean-shaped structures located at certain intervals along the lymphatic system are | lymph nodes. |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | spleen |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are | fluid balance and immunity. |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center. |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis. |
| What is the function of the spleen? | ALL of the above: tissue repair, hematopoiesis AND red blood cell and platelet destruction blood reservoir |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis. |
| If a person were skiing high up in the mountains, she might feel that she is having trouble breathing (getting enough oxygen in her blood). This is because the: | lower atmospheric pressure lowers the PO2 and the diffusion gradient between the blood and the atmosphere is less. |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is _____ blood. | less than in the systemic venous AND equal to the systemic arterial |
| Normal, quiet breathing is known as: | eupnea. |
| The vital capacity is equal to the sum of the: | inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume. |
| Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? | Control of cell metabolism rate |
| When the pressure in the lung is greater than atmospheric pressure: | expiration occurs. |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760 |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood. Ranking them from greatest to least amount carried, the sequence would be: | bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma. |
| The major form by which carbon dioxide is transported in the circulatory system is: | as bicarbonate ions. |
| The PCO2 in the atmosphere is: | less than in the alveolar air. |
| The substances absorbed into the lymph capillaries are: | glycerol and fatty acids. |
| The major site for the absorption of the end products of digestion is the: | small intestine. |
| The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin: | ALL: Causes the pancreas to increase exocrine secretions high in enzyme content. Opposes the influence of gastrin on gastric parietal cells. and Stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder. |
| Cellulose is a residue of digestion that comes from: | carbohydrates. |
| Rotavirus can cause what life-threatening condition in infants? | Diarrhea |
| The hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas is: | secretin. |
| Which of these is not an example of mechanical digestion? | Moistening the food |
| The final product of carbohydrate digestion is a: | monosaccharide. |
| Which blood vessel carries absorbed food from the GI tract to the liver? | Portal vein |
| The purpose of peristalsis is to: | propel food forward along the GI tract. |
| The hormone thought to be a messenger causing release of digestive enzymes from the intestinal mucosa is: | vasoactive intestinal peptide. |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport. |
| Which of the following is not true of enzymes? | They change chemically and are in the end products of the reaction. |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed into disaccharides by enzymes known as: | amylase. |
| Which of the following is not one of the openings that must be blocked when food moves from the pharynx into the esophagus? | Oropharynx |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is part of the _____ fluid. | extracellular |
| Ketone bodies are associated with cellular metabolism of: | fats. |
| The thirst center, which contains specialized cells called osmoreceptors, is located in the: | hypothalamus. |
| Which of these is true about the metabolism of glucose? | Anaerobic metabolism produces lactic acid. |
| The pH of the blood is maintained at approximately: | 7.4. |
| Which of the following is(are) classified as an acid-forming food? | ALL : Meat, Eggs and Poultry |
| A decrease in blood pH below normal tends to: | stimulate increased respirations. |
| Which of the following would have the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions? | pH 2 |
| Edema may occur when: | ALL: sodium is retained in the extracellular fluid as a result of increased aldosterone secretion or after serious renal disease such as acute glomerulonephritis. An increase in capillary blood pressure occurs. A decrease in the concentration of plasma |
| Which of the following ratios of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid will maintain a normal pH? | 20:1 |
| Which of the following is not considered a “transcellular fluid”? | Lymph |
| If the pH of the blood were 7.23, it would be | slightly more acidic than normal. |
| When comparing the volume of the various body fluids, the correct order going from highest to lowest in total volume would be: | intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma. |
| Water normally leaves the body through _____ exits. | four |
| Which of the following is a true statement? | Arterial blood has an average pH of 7.41. |
| The major function of the reproductive system is propagation of the species. | True |
| Testosterone is responsible for producing secondary sex characteristics. | True |
| Which of the following functions is not usually associated with the uterus? | Fertilization |
| The hormone that causes the alveoli of the mammary glands to secrete milk is: | prolactin. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the Sertoli cells? | They produce testosterone. |
| Which of the following is true of the essential organ in the reproductive system? | ALL: It produces gametes. , It is called the testis in the male. AND It is called the gonad in both sexes. |
| The female reproductive system differs from the male reproductive system in that it: | provides protection for the developing offspring. AND provides nutrition to the developing offspring. |
| What is the name of the so-called ovulating hormone? | Luteinizing hormone |
| The opening of the urethra at the tip of the glans is called the: | external urinary meatus. |
| Which of the following is not true of FSH? | It stimulates the secretion of testosterone. |
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