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SCI221_Final Exam
Study Guide 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The term that literally means self-immunity is: | autoimmunity. |
| Negative-feedback control systems: | oppose a change |
| Humans can synthesize 13 of 21 basic amino acids; the remaining 8, which must be included in the diet, are called: | essential amino acids |
| A structural lipid found in the cell membrane is a: | Both B and C are correct: phospholipid & steroid |
| The amino group in an amino acid is: | NH3+. |
| Amino acids frequently become joined by: | peptide bonds. |
| Which of the following is not one of the major groups of organic substances in the human body? | salts |
| Extensive weight training causes the muscle cells to: | hypertrophy |
| The pairing of bases of a strand of DNA is obligatory. If a strand of DNA were composed of the base sequence of ATCG, what would be the obligatory sequence of its opposing base pairs? | TAGC |
| A saline solution that contains a higher concentration of salt than a red blood cell would be: | hypertonic |
| Water will move through the cell membrane by: | osmosis |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | Connective |
| What structure is formed by the union of the basal and reticular lamina? | Basement membrane |
| Which of the following is not a function of the skin? | Synthesis of vitamin E |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | Microglia |
| Until bone growth in length is complete, a layer of the cartilage, known as the _____, remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis. | epiphyseal plate |
| Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when | complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix. |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the epiphyses? | Cylindrical in shape |
| Bones grow in diameter by the combined action of which two of the three bone cell types? | Osteoblasts and osteoclasts |
| One similarity between the structures of the foot and hand is the equivalent degrees of movement of both the thumb and the big toe. | False |
| When the knee is flexed, the patella can be easily distinguished. | False |
| After the age of 50, the density of bone: | decreases slowly because of a shift in the remodeling activity. |
| Bones act as a reservoir for which of the following minerals? | calcium |
| Stretching the foot down and back and pointing the toe is called: | plantar flexion. |
| Rotator cuff surgery is performed quite commonly on professional baseball players, especially pitchers. Evidently, the throwing motion places enormous stress on the: | shoulder |
| Aerobic respiration: | produces the maximum amount of energy available from each glucose molecule. |
| Painful muscle contractions or involuntary twitches are called: | cramps |
| Glucose can be stored in the muscle as: | glycogen |
| All of the following are characteristics of smooth muscle except: | thin and thick filaments are aligned in sarcomeres like skeletal muscles. |
| Which of the following is not one of the major functions of muscles? | Protection |
| For a neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, which of the following channels must open? | Potassium and/or chloride channels |
| During a relative refractory period: | the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus. |
| When current leaps across an insulating myelin sheath from node to node, the type of impulse conduction is called: | saltatory conduction. |
| Which is true of a neuron with a resting potential? | The sodium pump has moved Na+ to the outside of the plasma membrane. |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | amines |
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? | Regulation of motor activity |
| Sympathetic responses generally have widespread effects on the body because: | preganglionic fibers synapse with several postsynaptic fibers. |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings |
| The part of the brain that can directly influence or inhibit the release of hormones from the pituitary is the: | hypothalamus |
| If the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose _____ related to that pathway. | sensory perception (related to that pathway) |
| If the ventral nerve root of a spinal nerve were destroyed, a person would lose | willed movement related to that pathway |
| Once inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber may: | do all of the above |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased. | False |
| The vomiting reflex is mediated by the: | medulla. |
| Which of the following is a correct statement? | There are 5 lumbar nerve pairs. |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
| The spinal tract that is located in the side of the cord, originates in the brain, and terminates in the spinal cord is the _____ tract. | lateral corticospinal |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? | Chemical messenger travels a short distance. |
| Clearness or sharpness of visual perception is known as: | visual acuity |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: | Ruffini corpuscles |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: | malleus, incus, and stapes (MIS) |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| The physiological mechanism that dissolves clots is known as | fibrinolysis. |
| The heart begins beating in the fetus at about what stage of development? | After about 4 weeks |
| 140. During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | thymocytes |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| 151. Which of the following is not a regulated process associated with the functioning of the respiratory system? | Control of cell metabolism rate |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | hemoglobin |
| The PCO2 in alveolar air is _____ blood. | Both A and C are correct. |
| Which muscles are used for forced expiration? | Abdominal muscles and internal intercostals |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. | inversely; constant |
| Which of the following would have the greatest accelerating effect on the dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin? | Decreased PO2 and increased PCO2 |
| The intestinal hormone cholecystokinin: | does all of the above |
| The hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate substance from the pancreas is: | secretin |
| Which step of deglutition is under voluntary control? | oral stage |
| The process of swallowing is known as: | deglutition |
| The process of fat emulsification consists of: | breaking fats into small droplets |
| Which of the following is not considered a “transcellular fluid”? | Lymph |
| In accordance with the physical laws governing filtration and osmosis, which of the following statements is true? | Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw fluid back into the capillaries. |
| The thirst center, which contains specialized cells called osmoreceptors, is located in the: | hypothalamus. |
| 185. Edema may occur when: | all of the above occur |
| In young adults, the percentage of body weight composed of water will average about _____ for males and _____ for females. | 60%; 50% |
| Which of the following substances is released by the juxtaglomerular cells? | Renin |
| Which of the following is a true statement? | Arterial blood has an average pH of 7.41. |
| Which of the following hormones causes ejection of milk into the mammary ducts, making it accessible for the infant? | Oxytocin |
| Which of the following glands is not a paired accessory gland of the male reproductive system? Group of answer choices | prostate |
| The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is the same as the: | postmenstrual phase |
| Most body movements are _____ contractions. | isotonic |
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