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SCI221_Final Exam
Study Guide 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| If the secretion of oxytocin during childbirth operated as a negative-feedback control loop, what effect would it have on uterine contractions? | Oxytocin would inhibit uterine contractions |
| Intracellular parasites that consist of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes by a lipoprotein envelope are called: | viruses |
| Of the pathogenic organisms, which of the following are the most complex? | Tapeworms |
| Of the 11 major body systems, which is the least involved in maintaining homeostasis? | Reproductive |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis |
| Which energy-releasing or energy-transferring molecule does not contain a nucleotide? | Creatine phosphate |
| Which of the following is not true of RNA? | All of the above are true of RNA: -It contains ribose sugar. -It contains adenine. -It is composed of smaller molecules called nucleotides. |
| The types of lipids found that form hormones, such as cortisone, estrogen, and testosterone are: | steroids |
| The roles played by proteins can be divided into which categories? | Structural and functional |
| The alpha helix is an example of which level of protein structure? | Secondary |
| When two molecules of glucose are joined, they form which disaccharide? | Maltose |
| Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics? | Both have a ring structure in their molecule |
| Twenty-three chromosomes per cell in humans is referred to as: | haploid |
| All of the following occur as a result of meiosis except: | chromosome number remains at 46 |
| If a sequence of nitrogen bases in nucleic acid were A-U-C-G-A, which of the following would be true about the nucleic acid? | It contains ribose sugar |
| During which stage of mitosis do the centrioles move to the opposite poles of the cell? | Prophase |
| The correct order of the phases of mitosis is: | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT) |
| Which of the following statements is true? | The site of transcription is within the nucleus, whereas the site of translation is in the cytoplasm. |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called: | aquaporins |
| Which of the following vitamins is(are) absorbed through the skin? | All of the above: vitamin A, D, K |
| Of the five epidermal cell layers, the only one that can undergo mitosis is the stratum: | basale |
| Which type of connective tissue helps newborns maintain body temperature by producing heat? | brown fat |
| Which of the following is not a proteoglycan found in the matrix of connective tissue? | Collagen |
| Areolar tissue usually contains which types of cells in the greatest number? | Fibroblasts |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the clavicle | False |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the diaphysis? | Provides a bulbous shape for attachment of muscle |
| An open fracture is also known as a compound fracture. | True |
| The primary ossification center of a long bone is located: | in the diaphysis |
| The cell organelles that synthesize organic matrix substances in bone formation are: | endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus |
| Which of the following is not dependent on the proper amount of calcium ions in the blood? | All of the above are dependent on the proper amount of calcium ions in the blood |
| Which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal? | fontanels |
| Hematopoiesis is carried out in the: | red bone marrow |
| Normally, bone loss will begin to exceed bone gain between the ages of _____ years. | 35-40 |
| When you are looking at a large green field, which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain? | MThe two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: Group of answer choices |
| In bone growth, the medullary cavity is enlarged because of the activity of: | osteoclasts |
| If the cribriform plate is damaged, there is a chance of: | infectious materials passing from the nose to the brain. |
| Appositional growth of cartilage occurs when chondrocytes begin to divide and secrete | additional matrix |
| The knee joint is an example of a _____ joint. | hinge |
| In terms of function, which is considered an immovable joint? | Synarthrosis |
| After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein? | Troponin |
| Attempting to pick up an object too heavy to lift would result in which type of muscle contraction? | Isometric |
| Thick myofilaments extend the length of the: | A-band |
| An example of a pivot joint is(are) the: | head of the radius articulating with the ulna. |
| A gliding joint is an example of a(n) _____ joint. | multiaxial |
| An example of a hinge joint is(are) the: | interphalangeal joints |
| Which joint allows for a unique movement called opposition? | Saddle |
| The type of movement possible at a synovial joint depends on the: | shape of the articulating surfaces of the bones. |
| All of the following are noninflammatory joint disorders except: | juvenile rheumatoid arthritis |
| The chief function of the T-tubules is to: | allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell. |
| Tilting the foot upward, decreasing the angle between the top of the foot and the front of the leg, is called: | dorsiflexion |
| When an impulse reaches a synapse: | chemical transmitters are released. |
| Which of the following is not one of the main chemical classes of neurotransmitters? | Triglycerides |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines. |
| The only ion(s) that can diffuse across a neuron’s membrane when the neuron is at rest is (are): | potassium |
| Which of the following is not used by the body as a neurotransmitter? | All of the above are used by the body as neurotransmitters. |
| Compared with the outside of the neuron, the inside has a(n) ____ charge. | negative |
| Damage to the _____ nerve could make the diaphragm unable to function. | phrenic |
| Afferent nerves or fibers are found only in the _____ nervous system. | Both A and B are correct. -sensory -autonomonic |
| Which is the only plexus that contains fibers from the thoracic region of the spinal cord? | Brachial |
| The preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions are cholinergic. | true |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal and _____, and is absorbed back into the blood. | subarachnoid space |
| How does a dually innervated autonomic effector differ from a singly innervated autonomic effector? | A dually innervated effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. A singly innervated autonomic effector receives input from only the sympathetic division. |
| A mixed nerve is one that: | carries both sensory and motor fibers. |
| A child was frightened by a large dog. The pupils of the child’s eyes became dilated, and the heart and respiratory rates increased. These symptoms were caused by stimulation of: | the sympathetic nervous system |
| Propranolol is an example of a: | All of the above are correct. -beta blocker -drug used to treat irregular heartbeats -drug used to treat hypertension |
| Impulses from the _____ play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum | thalamus |
| Somatic motor and autonomic pathways share all of the following characteristics except: | number of neurons between central nervous system (CNS) and effector. |
| The clear and potassium-rich fluid that fills the labyrinth is | endolymph. |
| The two-point discrimination test can be used to measure: | the sensitivity of the skin in various parts of the body. |
| All of the following are true statements except: | aspirin produces some of its effects by increasing PGE synthesis. |
| Accommodation for near vision necessitates | all of the above |
| In comparison with the nervous system, the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are: | slow to appear but long-lasting |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | transcription of RNA |
| Which of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system? | Chemical messenger travels a short distance |
| Cardiac output is determined by | stroke volume and heart rate |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia |
| Which of the following is not true of ventricles? | All of the above are true of the ventricles. |
| A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of: | polycythemia |
| Blood volume per kilogram of body weight varies inversely with: | body fat |
| Blood pressure is measured with the aid of an apparatus known as a(n) | sphygmomanometer |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | antigen’s epitopes fit into and bind to an antigen molecule’s antigen-binding site |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | interferon |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | germinal center |
| Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte |
| What is the function of the spleen? | all of the above |
| ____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | lacteals |
| A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is: | Cheyne-Stokes respiration |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| Which of the following is not a means of transporting oxygen in the blood? | Combined with the bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) |
| A drop in the body’s production of carbonic anhydrase would hinder the formation of: | carbonic acid. |
| Dalton law states that the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is _____ to the total pressure of the mixture. | directly related to the concentration of that gas in the mixture and |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood. Ranking them from greatest to least amount carried, the sequence would be: | bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma |
| Which of the following constitutes total lung volume? | Residual volume and vital capacity |
| The symbol HbNCOOH– is used for: | carbaminohemoglobin. |
| Glucose moves from the GI tract into the circulatory system by the process of: | cotransport |
| The hormone that inhibits gastric muscle, slowing passage of food into the duodenum, is called: | gastric inhibitory peptide |
| Cellulose is a residue of digestion that comes from: | carbohydrates |
| The process of swallowing is known as: | deglutition. |
| Which of the following is a disaccharide? | Sucrose |
| Which of these is not an example of mechanical digestion? | Moistening the food |
| Bicarbonates are useful in the GI tract to: | neutralize hydrochloric acid |
| Which of the following is(are) classified as an acid-forming food? | All of the above |
| Edema is defined as abnormally large amounts of fluid in the: | intercellular spaces. |
| A decrease in blood pH below normal tends to: | stimulate increased respirations |
| Water normally leaves the body through _____ exits. | four |
| The pH of the blood is maintained at approximately: | 7.4 |
| The regulation of acid-base balance in the body fluids refers to the control of _____ ion concentration. | hydrogen |
| Which of the following is a true statement? | Arterial blood has an average pH of 7.41 |
| When the effective filtration pressure equals zero: | no net transfer of water occurs between blood and interstitial fluid. |
| What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid? | potassium |
| When the kidney secretes hydrogen ions, it primarily reabsorbs _____ ions. | sodium |
| Which of the following would have the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions? | pH2 |
| The hormone that causes the alveoli of the mammary glands to secrete milk is: | prolactin |
| The female reproductive system differs from the male reproductive system in that it: | does both b and C |
| The increase in blood estrogens during the postmenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle produces all of the following changes in the uterus except: | decreased myometrial contractions. |
| A high blood concentration of estrogens: | stimulates epithelial cells of the endometrium to proliferate |
| The foreskin in the male is also known as the: | prepuce |
| Which of the following statements is not true about the mechanism controlling lactation? | Prolactin stimulates the ejection of milk into the ducts of the mammary glands. |
| The major function of the reproductive system is propagation of the species. | True |
| Which of the following is not true of ventricles? | All of the above are true of the ventricles. |
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