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Morgan Smith
Physiology weeks 7-13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The difference between sodium and potassium in the generation of action potential is that: | sodium causes depolarization of the cell membrane, and potassium causes repolarization of the cell membrane. |
| A neurologist is using a voltmeter to measure potential. The membrane potential of a neuron was recorded at +30 mV. This is what type of membrane potential? | Action |
| In a myelinated neuron, the impulse can travel under the myelin between nodes of Ranvier. | True |
| A term commonly used as a synonym for action potential is | nerve impulse. |
| Which membrane receptor acts to directly change ion permeability when stimulated? | Gated-channel receptor |
| The action potential seems to “leap” from node to node along a myelinated fiber. This type of impulse regeneration is called __________ conduction. | saltatory |
| Movement of the membrane potential away from zero (below the usual RMP) is called | hyperpolarization. |
| If the magnitude of the local depolarization surpasses a limit called the _____, voltage-gated Na+ channels are stimulated to open. | threshold potential |
| Which is true of a neuron with a resting potential? | The sodium pump has moved Na+ to the outside of the plasma membrane. |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct an impulse that is how much faster than the slowest fibers in the body? | Almost 300 times faster |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | neuropeptide neurotransmitter. |
| During a relative refractory period: | the action potential can be initiated with a strong stimulus. |
| For a neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, which of the following channels must open? | Potassium and/or chloride channels |
| The fastest nerve fibers in the body can conduct impulses up to approximately _____ meters per second. | 130 |
| A _____ is a skeletal muscle or group of muscles that receives motor axons from a given spinal nerve. | myotome |
| The two main types of adrenergic receptors are | alpha and beta. |
| The _____ is an extension of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes, in response to stimulation of the outer margin of the sole of the foot. | Babinski sign |
| The limbic system integrates | emotion. |
| The effect of sympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is | relaxation. |
| Mixed cranial nerves contain axons of | sensory and motor neurons. |
| Acetylcholine binds to _____ receptors. | cholinergic |
| The somatic motor system includes all the _____ motor pathways _____ the CNS. | voluntary; outside |
| “Fight or flight” physiological changes include all of the following EXCEPT | constriction of respiratory airways. |
| The set of coordinated commands that control the programmed muscle activity mediated by extrapyramidal pathways is called the | motor program. |
| How does a dually innervated autonomic effector differ from a singly innervated autonomic effector? | A dually innervated effector receives input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways. A singly innervated autonomic effector receives input from only the sympathetic division. |
| Norepinephrine is liberated at: | most sympathetic postganglionic nerve endings. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal and _____, and is absorbed back into the blood. | subarachnoid space |
| The parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions always act with a cooperative influence, and through summation of the impulses, the effect can be increased | False |
| Impulses sent over which of the following tracts could result in voluntary movement, especially of the hands, fingers, feet, and toes of the opposite side? | Lateral corticospinal |
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? | Regulation of motor activity |
| Which of the following is a correct statement? | There are 5 lumbar nerve pairs. |
| Which of the following is not true of the knee jerk reflex? | It is a flexor reflex. |
| The spinal tract that is located in the side of the cord, originates in the brain, and terminates in the spinal cord is the _____ tract. | lateral corticospinal |
| Which of the following statements is not true? | The major function of the parasympathetic division is to serve as an “emergency” system. |
| Which is not true of the dorsal nerve root? | It is also called the posterior root. It includes the spinal ganglion. It includes sensory fibers. |
| Propranolol is an example of a: | beta blocker. drug used to treat irregular heartbeats. drug used to treat hypertension. |
| A mixed nerve is one that: | carries both sensory and motor fibers. |
| The sequence of auditory ossicles in the middle ear starting at the tympanic membrane and ending at the oval window is: | malleus, incus, and stapes. |
| One of the few hormones that functions on a positive-feedback loop is: | oxytocin. |
| Which of the following is true about pain receptors? | Alpha fibers are associated with sharp, localized pain. |
| The major hormone produced by the corpus luteum is: | progesterone. |
| Visceroceptors are located in which of the following? | Internal organs |
| Movement of hair cells in the organ of Corti against the _____ membrane can stimulate nerve impulse condition. | tectorial |
| The type of cells that secrete ACTH are: | corticotrophs. |
| When you are looking at a large green field, which cones would be sending the green wavelength to the brain? | M |
| The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: | The immediate effect of a steroid hormone on a cell is the: |
| Which is not true of the hormone somatostatin? | It stimulates the secretion of insulin. |
| The receptors responsible for sensing crude and persistent touch are the: | Ruffini corpuscles. |
| The process of red cells are production in the marrow of certain bones is referred to as | Erythropoiesis |
| The amount of water that moves into the blood from the interstitial fluid depends on the concentration of | plasma protein. |
| The greatest pressure drop is in the ____________ which has muscle fibers that expand and contract change diameters. | arterioles |
| Veins from our digestive organs send blood to the Hepatic Portal Vein in order for | nutrients and toxins can be extracted from digested contents.. |
| What causes the ventricles to contract? | The inpulse to the Perkinje Fiber |
| In an electrocardiogram the T wave represents | repolrization of the ventricles. |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics. |
| Cardiac output is determined by | stroke volume and heart rate. |
| _____, a natural constituent of blood, acts as an antithrombin and prevents clots from forming in vessels. | Heparin |
| What is the functional significance of large areas of cardiac muscle being electrically coupled to form a single functional syncytium? | Because they form a syncytium, muscle cells can pass an action potential along a large area of the heart wall, stimulating contraction in each muscle fiber of the syncytium. |
| In the extrinsic pathway of stage 1 of the clotting mechanism, chemicals released from damaged tissues trigger the cascade of events that ultimately result in the formation of | prothrombin activator. |
| A hematocrit of 56% would be an indication of: | polycythemia. |
| Which two factors promote the return of venous blood to the heart? | blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions |
| The mechanisms of which three hormones work together to regulate blood volume? | aldosterone, ANH, and ADH |
| Lymph is filtered by the | lymph nodes |
| The lymphatic organs produce | lymphocytes |
| Fluid that is clear, watery and contains protein molecules, salts, and other substances is called | intercellular fluid |
| Antigen presenting macrophage interact with | a T-helper cell that recognizes the same antigen |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cells. |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | lymphotoxin |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis. |
| During inspiration, as the size of the thorax increases, the | intrapleural and alveolar pressures decrease. |
| An increase in carbon dioxide in the blood causes | a drop in pH in the blood. |
| Spirometry is used to measure all of the following EXCEPT: | Total lung capacity |
| Hyperpnea means a(n) | increase in breathing. |
| The volume of air exhaled normally after a typical inspiration is called _____ volume. | tidal |
| The compound formed when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin is | carbaminohemoglobin. |
| About 98.5% of the oxygen carried by systemic arterial blood is attached to: | hemoglobin. |
| During inspiration, the expansion of the lungs causes: | a decrease in alveolar pressure. |
| Carbon dioxide is carried in three forms in the blood. Ranking them from greatest to least amount carried, the sequence would be: | bicarbonate ion, carbaminohemoglobin, and dissolved in plasma. |
| Standard atmospheric pressure is _____ mm Hg. | 760 |
| Boyle’s law states that the volume of a gas varies _____ with pressure at a _____ temperature. | inversely; constant |
| The approximate partial pressure of oxygen at standard atmospheric pressure is about _____ mm Hg. | 160 |
| If the tidal volume of a given individual is 500 ml, then the anatomical dead space is approximately _____ ml. | 150 |
| Normal, quiet breathing is known as: | eupnea. |
| A type of breathing characterized by gradually increasing tidal volume for several breaths followed by several breaths with gradually decreasing tidal volume is: | Cheyne-Stokes respiration. |
| One hundred milliliters of arterial blood contains approximately what volume percent of oxygen? | 20% |
| Which of the following constitutes total lung volume? | Residual volume and vital capacity |
| What percentage of this blood flow comes from the hepatic portal system? | 80% |
| During which stage of swallowing is there a risk of food entering respiratory pathways? | Oropharyngeal |
| Peristalsis is regulated in part by the intrinsic stretch reflexes. It is also thought to be stimulated by the hormone | cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| The ejection of bile from the gallbladder is controlled by which hormones? | CCK and secretin |
| Which of the processes of mechanical digestion involves the esophagus? | Deglutition Peristalsis |
| Hydrolysis refers to: | using water to split larger compounds into smaller ones. |
| Which of the following is not true of enzymes? | They change chemically and are in the end products of the reaction. |
| The process of swallowing is known as: | deglutition. |
| Define the phrase fluid and electrolyte balance. | The phrase fluid and electrolyte balance implies homeostasis, or constancy, of body fluid and electrolyte levels. It means that both the amount and distribution of body fluids and electrolytes are normal and constant |
| Define acid-base balance. | the state of having the right amount of acid and base in the blood and other body fluids. Keeping a normal acid-base balance is important for the body to work the way it should. |
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morgank00
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