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Urinary System

Question	Answer
The condition that develops when blood levels of nitrogenous wastes reach toxic levels is called ______	Uremia
What is the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body called?	Excretion
What's filtration?	Filtration is the process of moving the blood plasma from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule, where is becomes the filtrate.
What's secretion?	Secretion is the process of eliminating solutes and water via the renal tubules.
What's reabsorption?	Reason: Reabsorption is the process of the filtrate leaving the renal tubule and returning to the blood plasma by way of the peritubular capillaries.
Extensions of the renal cortex between pyramids are called	Renal columns
The kidneys lie against the	Posterior abdominal wall
What is a renal papilla?	The tip of a renal pyramid
Where's the renal papilla located?	In the medulla and pointing toward the renal pelvis.
What's the cortex?	The outer portion of the kidney.
An average kidney weighs about ______.	150g
Deepest to most superficial, list the layers of connective tissue that surround the kidney.	Fibrous capsule->Perirenal fat capsule->Renal fascia
Uremia develops when blood levels of what reach toxic levels?	Nitrogenous wastes
The renal pyramids make up the layer of the kidney called the	renal medulla
The outer layer of the renal parenchyma is called the	renal cortex
The blunt tip of a renal pyramid from which urine is collected is a	renal papilla
The kidneys are each about the size of which of the following?	A bar of soap
What is a minor calyx?	A cuplike structure that collects urine
Which binds the kidney to the abdominal wall?	Renal fascia
The renal medulla is made up of ______ renal pyramids.	6 to 10
The ______ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the ______ is the outer layer surrounding it.	medulla, cortex
Urine flows from the renal pelvis directly into	the ureter
What collects in a renal papilla?	Urine
The ______ carries blood OUT of a glomerulus.	efferent arteriole
From a major calyx, urine drains into	the renal pelvis
What are the three protective layers around the kidney?	Fibrous capsule- >Perirenal fat capsule ->Renal fascia
About how many nephrons are in a kidney?	1.2 million
What is the renal medulla comprised of?	Renal pyramids
What are renal columns?	extensions of the cortex and divide the medulla into pyramids.
What is the order of urine-collecting structures found within the kidney?	Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter
Which blood vessel carries blood INTO a glomerulus?	Afferent arteriole
What's the vasa recta?	A capillary network that parallels the nephron loop
What's the Peritubular capillary?	It wraps around the tubule.
The visceral layer and the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule are separated by ______.	a capsular space
A nephron consists of what two parts?	Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
What is formed by a glomerulus and its surrounding glomerular capsule?	Renal corpuscle
Starting at a renal papilla, sort order by urine flow	Minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter
What are the parts of a renal tubule?	Nephron loop -> Proximal convoluted tubule -> collecting duct -> distal convoluted tubule
The ____________ arteriole carries blood FROM the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries.	efferent
Within the glomerular capsule, podocytes form the (inner) ______ layer of the capsule and simple squamous epithelium forms the ______ (outer) layer.	visceral, parietal
What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form?	Nephron
The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus and a	glomerular capsule
Which segments of the nephron loop actively transport salts?	Thick
Running from the glomerular capsule to the tip of the medullary pyramid is a series of ducts that, together, are referred to as what?	Renal tubule
What's a glomerulus?	The ball of capillaries inside the capsule
What's the vasa recta?	parallels the nephron loop.
What's the collecting duct?	penetrates the medullary pyramid
The presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border?	Microvilli
Podocytes form which of the following?	The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
A nephron consists of what two parts?	Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Which segments of the nephron loop are permeable to water?	Thin
Which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct?	Renal tubule
Which renal tubule segment runs from the nephron loop to the collecting duct?	Distal convoluted tubule
The visceral layer and the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule are separated by	a capsular space
Most nephrons are ______ nephrons.	cortical
The distal convoluted tubule is ______ and ______ coiled than the proximal convoluted tubule.	shorter, less
T/F Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins.	True
T/F Other than plasma proteins , small substances can pass through the filtration membrane	True
Nephrons classified as ______ nephrons have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface.	cortical
The glomerulus is composed of which type of capillaries?	Fenestrated
Which structure determines what solutes are able to pass from the glomerular blood into the capsular space?	Filtration membrane
What provides the glomerulus with tubular flow feedback so the glomerular filtration can be adjusted?	The Juxtaglomerular apparatus
What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called?	Filtrate
The filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures?	Colloid osmotic/Blood hydrostatic
The ______ receives fluid draining from several nephrons, and carries it through the medulla to the papilla.	collecting duct
Blood->capsular space structures through which any filtered substance must pass in glomerular filtration.	Fenestrated endothelium -> Basement memebrane -> Filtration slit
Which can pass through the glomerular filtration membrane?	Glucose, Water, Electrolytes
Which variables affect the filtration coefficient?	The surface area available for filtration and the permeability of the filtration membrane
Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account both blood ____________ pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capsular fluid and capillary blood.	Hydrostatic
The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water is called its___________	specific gravity
What is the normal range for the pH of urine?	4.5-8.2
The renal pelvis of each kidney funnels urine into a tube called a	Ureter
The kidneys perform which of the following functions?	Regulation of electrolyte balance, Calcitriol synthesis, Regulation of blood volume, Removal of metabolic waste
The kidneys produce ______, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells.	erythropoietin
How do most nitrogenous wastes originate?	As byproducts of protein catabolism
How do the kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure?	By regulating water and sodium OUTPUT
The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of which of the following?	Acid-base balance & Electrolytes
What is azotemia?	An increased level of blood urea nitrogen
The organs that function to remove metabolic waste material by filtering the blood plasma are the_______________	kidneys
The kidneys play a role in calcium homeostasis by participating in the synthesis of which hormone?	Calcitriol
What are two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys?	Creatinine, Urea
How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood?	By regulating water output
Clinically, what is the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood typically expressed as?	Blood urea nitrogen
The condition that develops when blood levels of nitrogenous wastes reach toxic levels is called ______.	uremia
What does the respiratory system excrete?	Carbon dioxide
Where is the liver located?	On the right
Which kidney is lower, left or right?	Right kidney is lower
The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called	excretion
Which describes the location of the kidneys?	Retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3
The renal fraction is approximately what percent of the cardiac output?	21
Renal artery --> segmental arteries --> __________ arteries --> arcuate arteries.	interlobar
The functional unit of the kidney is a	nephrons
The kidneys receive about 21% of the cardiac output. This value is called the renal	fraction
Starting with the renal artery, place the arteries carrying blood INTO the renal cortex in order.	Renal, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, cortical radiate [Artery's]
The glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following?	Glomerular capsule
Blood vessels of the vasa recta arise from	efferent arterioles
What is a nephron?	A functional unit of the kidney
What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form?	Nephron
The renal artery divides into a few ______ arteries.	segmental
The capillary bed fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole is a ______.	glomerulus
What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?	Glomerulus, Glomerular capsule
The renal pyramids of the medulla receive their blood supply from which blood vessel network?	Vasa recta
The ball of capillaries within a nephron is called a	glomerulus
What enters at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and brings blood to the glomerulus?	Afferent arteriole
The vasa recta is a network of blood vessels located mostly within which of the following?	Medulla
At the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle, the parietal layer of the capsule gives rise to what structure?	Renal tubule
The ______ receives fluid draining from several nephrons, and carries it through the medulla to the papilla.	collecting duct
The ______ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb.	nephron loop
What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called?	Filtrate
The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular	filtration
Within the filtration membrane, filtration slits are gaps between which of the following?	Pedicels
In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form ______.	glomerular filtrate
Compared to capillaries beds in the rest of the body, the hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillary bed is ______.	higher
Which structure is composed of a fenestrated capillary endothelium, a basement membrane, and a filtration slit?	Filtration membrane
When considering all of the pressures present within the renal corpuscle, the net filtration pressure causes the movement of fluid ______ the glomerular capillaries.	out of
Located between the pedicels of the podocytes are which of the following?	Filtration slits
Within the renal corpuscle, colloid osmotic pressure (COP) forces fluid ______ the glomerular capillaries.	into
How does hypertension lead to kidney damage?	It can rupture glomerular capillaries.
What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called?	Glomerular filtration rate
Blood hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid ______ the blood and ______ the capsular space.	out of, into
If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur.	High
What is the overall pressure found at the glomerulus that determines the amount of filtration called?	Net filtration pressure
Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what?	Glomerular capillaries
How can hypertension damage the glomerular capillaries?	It can scar them.
Which variables affect the filtration coefficient?	Permeability of the filtration membrane & The surface area available for filtration
A DECREASED GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume.	decreased, increased
If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur.	low
The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal ______.	autoregulation
Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the ______ mechanism of renal autoregulation.	myogenic
The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called ___________ feedback	Tubuloglomerular
An INCREASED GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume.	increased, decreased
What are the three components of the juxtaglomular apparatus?	Juxtaglomerular cells, Macula densa, Mesangial cells
What is the result of renal autoregulation?	The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure.
Juxtaglomerular cells;	Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin
Mesangial cells	Dilate/constrict glomerular capillariesDilate/constrict glomerular capillaries
Macula densa	Monitor tubular fluid
The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting which structure?	Afferent arteriole
Sympathetic innervation of the renal blood vessels ______ glomerular filtration rate.	decreases
Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what?	Glomerular capillaries
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following?	renin
The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the_________ apparatus.	juxtaglomerular
Mesangial cells are cells;	between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries
Juxtaglomerular cells are smooth	muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole
Macula densa cells are;	Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop
Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus,which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole?	Granular cells
The ______ nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and the GFR.	sympathetic
Plasma angiotensin II levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is ______.	decreased
The enzyme ______ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.	renin
What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism?	Decreased blood pressure
The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is ______.	sodium
Which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system?	Increased release of ADH->Increased secretion of aldosterone->Stimulated thirst
Constriction of the efferent arteriole by angiotensin II lowers blood pressure in the ______ capillaries and enhances the reabsorption of sodium and water.	peritubular
Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) ______ in the mean arterial blood pressure.	decrease
Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex?	Aldosterone
How does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure?	It increases the BP.
Which structures increase the absorptive area of proximal convoluted tubule cells?	Microvilli
The osmotic and electrical gradients that drive the reabsorption of water and solutes is created by reabsorption of the solute ______.	sodium
In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are reclaimed and returned to the blood is called tubular ______.	reabsorption
Which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system?	Increased blood pressure->Vasoconstriction ->Increased water retention
Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of which of the following?	Efferent arterioles and those throughout the body
Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete _______________ hormone.	Antidiuretic
Which region of the nephron is adapted for reabsorption, as seen in its length and prominent microvilli?	Proximal convoluted tubule
What are the leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move through called?	Tight junctions
In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes where?	From the tubular fluid into the blood
An antiport transports sodium into the cells of the PCT while pumping hydrogen ions out. What hormone activates this transport?	Angiotensin II
Glucose is cotransported with sodium by the sodium-glucose transporter and then removed from the basolateral surface of the cell and into the blood by which process?	Facilitated diffusion
During reabsorption from the PCT, water can carry dissolved substances by which process?	Solvent drag
Regarding nitrogenous wastes, the PCT reabsorbs most of the ______, but none of the ______.	uric acid, creatinine
Where does most tubular reabsorption take place?	In the proximal convoluted tubule
Water is reabsorbed through specialized water channels called ______.	aquaporins
Sodium is transported into the cells of the PCT by a protein that simultaneously moves it and another solute in the same direction. This type of transport protein is called a(n) ______.	symport
What are the mechanisms of peritubular capillary absorption?	Osmosis and solvent drag
T/F : Normally very little glucose is reabsorbed from the tubular fluid and is therefore lost in the urine.	F
Fluid and solutes reabsorbed in the PCT are picked up by which capillary bed?	Peritubular capillaries
The nephron reabsorbs how much urea from the tubular fluid?	About half
When the transporters within the proximal convoluted tubule are saturated and no additional solute can be reabsorbed,which of the following has been reached?	Transport maximum
The PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what?	Obligatory water reabsorption
What is tubular secretion?	The movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid
The accumulation of reabsorbed fluid on the basal side of the epithelial cells creates a high tissue fluid pressure that drives water ______ the peritubular capillaries.	into
The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance through the tubular secretion of which molecules?	Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions
The capillaries pick up fluid and solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.	pertitubular
Which solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop?	Sodium ions, Potassium ions, Chloride
Which defines the transport maximum?	It is the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed.
Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by which of the following processes?	Tubular secretion
What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct?	The reabsorption of water and salts
Aldosterone increases reabsorption of the electrolyte __________ while increasing secretion of the electrolyte _______________	Sodium, Potassium
Which wastes are removed from the blood by tubular secretion?	Ammonia, bile acids, urea
Which is an effect of atrial natriuretic peptide?	Decreased sodium reabsorption
The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what?	The concentration of urine
Which hormones regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct?	Natriuretic peptides, Aldosterone, Antidiuretic hormone
The hormone _______ causes increased reabsorption of sodium (and the water that follows) and secretion of potassium from the later segments of the renal tubule.	aldosterone
The hormone that makes the collecting duct more permeable to water, thus increasing its reabsorption, is _	ADH
Which leads to an increased secretion of natriuretic peptides?	Increased blood pressure
What is the action of parathyroid hormone on the kidneys?	It decreases phosphate reabsorption and increases calcium reabsorption.
What is the role of the collecting ducts?	To adjust the concentration of urine
Antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of membrane proteins called ______.	aquaporins
Antidiuretic hormone is secreted in response to _____.	dehydration
Which segment of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier?	Nephron loop
Parathyroid hormone acts on the proximal convoluted tubule to inhibit ______ reabsorption and on the distal convoluted tubule to increase ______ reabsorption.	phosphate, calcium
What is the importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient?	It allows the production of very concentrated urine.
Hormones can alter the amount of water reabsorbed during urine production, allowing the production of either concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the _______________duct.	collecting
As fluid flows down the water-permeable descending limb of the nephron loop, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is ______.	increasing
How does antidiuretic hormone affect the permeability of the collecting ducts to water?	It increases their permeability.
What is the source of the salts that contribute to the high osmolarity of the medullary ECF?	The active transport of Na+, K+, and Cl- from the ascending limb of nephron loop
The _____________ within the medulla of the kidney acts as a countercurrent exchanger.	vasa recta
The __________ loop of the nephron acts as a countercurrent multiplier.	nephron
The osmolarity of the ECF deep in the renal medulla is ______ than that of the ECF of the renal cortex.	higher
The color of urine is due to the presence of a pigment called ______, produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin.	urochrome
How does the ascending limb of the nephron loop shift sodium, potassium, and chloride into the ECF?	Active transport
Fluid intake, diabetes, and some medications can increase urine output, a condition called diuresis or	polyuria

Created by: 2858632291114089

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