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Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The condition that develops when blood levels of nitrogenous wastes reach toxic levels is called ______ | Uremia |
| What is the process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body called? | Excretion |
| What's filtration? | Filtration is the process of moving the blood plasma from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule, where is becomes the filtrate. |
| What's secretion? | Secretion is the process of eliminating solutes and water via the renal tubules. |
| What's reabsorption? | Reason: Reabsorption is the process of the filtrate leaving the renal tubule and returning to the blood plasma by way of the peritubular capillaries. |
| Extensions of the renal cortex between pyramids are called | Renal columns |
| The kidneys lie against the | Posterior abdominal wall |
| What is a renal papilla? | The tip of a renal pyramid |
| Where's the renal papilla located? | In the medulla and pointing toward the renal pelvis. |
| What's the cortex? | The outer portion of the kidney. |
| An average kidney weighs about ______. | 150g |
| Deepest to most superficial, list the layers of connective tissue that surround the kidney. | Fibrous capsule->Perirenal fat capsule->Renal fascia |
| Uremia develops when blood levels of what reach toxic levels? | Nitrogenous wastes |
| The renal pyramids make up the layer of the kidney called the | renal medulla |
| The outer layer of the renal parenchyma is called the | renal cortex |
| The blunt tip of a renal pyramid from which urine is collected is a | renal papilla |
| The kidneys are each about the size of which of the following? | A bar of soap |
| What is a minor calyx? | A cuplike structure that collects urine |
| Which binds the kidney to the abdominal wall? | Renal fascia |
| The renal medulla is made up of ______ renal pyramids. | 6 to 10 |
| The ______ of the kidney is the inner layer, while the ______ is the outer layer surrounding it. | medulla, cortex |
| Urine flows from the renal pelvis directly into | the ureter |
| What collects in a renal papilla? | Urine |
| The ______ carries blood OUT of a glomerulus. | efferent arteriole |
| From a major calyx, urine drains into | the renal pelvis |
| What are the three protective layers around the kidney? | Fibrous capsule- >Perirenal fat capsule ->Renal fascia |
| About how many nephrons are in a kidney? | 1.2 million |
| What is the renal medulla comprised of? | Renal pyramids |
| What are renal columns? | extensions of the cortex and divide the medulla into pyramids. |
| What is the order of urine-collecting structures found within the kidney? | Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter |
| Which blood vessel carries blood INTO a glomerulus? | Afferent arteriole |
| What's the vasa recta? | A capillary network that parallels the nephron loop |
| What's the Peritubular capillary? | It wraps around the tubule. |
| The visceral layer and the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule are separated by ______. | a capsular space |
| A nephron consists of what two parts? | Renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| What is formed by a glomerulus and its surrounding glomerular capsule? | Renal corpuscle |
| Starting at a renal papilla, sort order by urine flow | Minor calyx -> major calyx -> renal pelvis -> ureter |
| What are the parts of a renal tubule? | Nephron loop -> Proximal convoluted tubule -> collecting duct -> distal convoluted tubule |
| The ____________ arteriole carries blood FROM the glomerulus into the peritubular capillaries. | efferent |
| Within the glomerular capsule, podocytes form the (inner) ______ layer of the capsule and simple squamous epithelium forms the ______ (outer) layer. | visceral, parietal |
| What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form? | Nephron |
| The renal corpuscle consists of a glomerulus and a | glomerular capsule |
| Which segments of the nephron loop actively transport salts? | Thick |
| Running from the glomerular capsule to the tip of the medullary pyramid is a series of ducts that, together, are referred to as what? | Renal tubule |
| What's a glomerulus? | The ball of capillaries inside the capsule |
| What's the vasa recta? | parallels the nephron loop. |
| What's the collecting duct? | penetrates the medullary pyramid |
| The presence of which structures in the proximal convoluted tubule cause the lining to be referred to as a brush border? | Microvilli |
| Podocytes form which of the following? | The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule |
| A nephron consists of what two parts? | Renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
| Which segments of the nephron loop are permeable to water? | Thin |
| Which structure is composed of a proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct? | Renal tubule |
| Which renal tubule segment runs from the nephron loop to the collecting duct? | Distal convoluted tubule |
| The visceral layer and the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule are separated by | a capsular space |
| Most nephrons are ______ nephrons. | cortical |
| The distal convoluted tubule is ______ and ______ coiled than the proximal convoluted tubule. | shorter, less |
| T/F Glomerular filtrate is similar to blood plasma except that it contains little or no proteins. | True |
| T/F Other than plasma proteins , small substances can pass through the filtration membrane | True |
| Nephrons classified as ______ nephrons have short nephron loops and their renal corpuscles are near the kidney surface. | cortical |
| The glomerulus is composed of which type of capillaries? | Fenestrated |
| Which structure determines what solutes are able to pass from the glomerular blood into the capsular space? | Filtration membrane |
| What provides the glomerulus with tubular flow feedback so the glomerular filtration can be adjusted? | The Juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? | Filtrate |
| The filtration pressure in the glomerulus is determined by the balance of which two pressures? | Colloid osmotic/Blood hydrostatic |
| The ______ receives fluid draining from several nephrons, and carries it through the medulla to the papilla. | collecting duct |
| Blood->capsular space structures through which any filtered substance must pass in glomerular filtration. | Fenestrated endothelium -> Basement memebrane -> Filtration slit |
| Which can pass through the glomerular filtration membrane? | Glucose, Water, Electrolytes |
| Which variables affect the filtration coefficient? | The surface area available for filtration and the permeability of the filtration membrane |
| Net filtration pressure (NFP) takes into account both blood ____________ pressure and colloid osmotic pressure of the capsular fluid and capillary blood. | Hydrostatic |
| The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water is called its___________ | specific gravity |
| What is the normal range for the pH of urine? | 4.5-8.2 |
| The renal pelvis of each kidney funnels urine into a tube called a | Ureter |
| The kidneys perform which of the following functions? | Regulation of electrolyte balance, Calcitriol synthesis, Regulation of blood volume, Removal of metabolic waste |
| The kidneys produce ______, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. | erythropoietin |
| How do most nitrogenous wastes originate? | As byproducts of protein catabolism |
| How do the kidneys regulate the osmolarity of the blood and blood pressure? | By regulating water and sodium OUTPUT |
| The kidneys play a major role in the regulation of which of the following? | Acid-base balance & Electrolytes |
| What is azotemia? | An increased level of blood urea nitrogen |
| The organs that function to remove metabolic waste material by filtering the blood plasma are the_______________ | kidneys |
| The kidneys play a role in calcium homeostasis by participating in the synthesis of which hormone? | Calcitriol |
| What are two examples of nitrogenous wastes that are excreted by the kidneys? | Creatinine, Urea |
| How do the kidneys regulate blood volume and blood? | By regulating water output |
| Clinically, what is the level of nitrogenous waste in the blood typically expressed as? | Blood urea nitrogen |
| The condition that develops when blood levels of nitrogenous wastes reach toxic levels is called ______. | uremia |
| What does the respiratory system excrete? | Carbon dioxide |
| Where is the liver located? | On the right |
| Which kidney is lower, left or right? | Right kidney is lower |
| The process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them from the body is called | excretion |
| Which describes the location of the kidneys? | Retroperitoneal at the level of T12 to L3 |
| The renal fraction is approximately what percent of the cardiac output? | 21 |
| Renal artery --> segmental arteries --> __________ arteries --> arcuate arteries. | interlobar |
| The functional unit of the kidney is a | nephrons |
| The kidneys receive about 21% of the cardiac output. This value is called the renal | fraction |
| Starting with the renal artery, place the arteries carrying blood INTO the renal cortex in order. | Renal, segmental, interlobar, arcuate, cortical radiate [Artery's] |
| The glomerulus is surrounded by which of the following? | Glomerular capsule |
| Blood vessels of the vasa recta arise from | efferent arterioles |
| What is a nephron? | A functional unit of the kidney |
| What do a renal corpuscle and an attached renal tubule form? | Nephron |
| The renal artery divides into a few ______ arteries. | segmental |
| The capillary bed fed by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole is a ______. | glomerulus |
| What are the two components of the renal corpuscle? | Glomerulus, Glomerular capsule |
| The renal pyramids of the medulla receive their blood supply from which blood vessel network? | Vasa recta |
| The ball of capillaries within a nephron is called a | glomerulus |
| What enters at the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and brings blood to the glomerulus? | Afferent arteriole |
| The vasa recta is a network of blood vessels located mostly within which of the following? | Medulla |
| At the urinary pole of the renal corpuscle, the parietal layer of the capsule gives rise to what structure? | Renal tubule |
| The ______ receives fluid draining from several nephrons, and carries it through the medulla to the papilla. | collecting duct |
| The ______ consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb. | nephron loop |
| What is the fluid in the glomerular capsule formed by filtration called? | Filtrate |
| The process by which water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the glomerular capillaries into the capsular space is called glomerular | filtration |
| Within the filtration membrane, filtration slits are gaps between which of the following? | Pedicels |
| In glomerular filtration, blood is filtered to form ______. | glomerular filtrate |
| Compared to capillaries beds in the rest of the body, the hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular capillary bed is ______. | higher |
| Which structure is composed of a fenestrated capillary endothelium, a basement membrane, and a filtration slit? | Filtration membrane |
| When considering all of the pressures present within the renal corpuscle, the net filtration pressure causes the movement of fluid ______ the glomerular capillaries. | out of |
| Located between the pedicels of the podocytes are which of the following? | Filtration slits |
| Within the renal corpuscle, colloid osmotic pressure (COP) forces fluid ______ the glomerular capillaries. | into |
| How does hypertension lead to kidney damage? | It can rupture glomerular capillaries. |
| What is the amount of filtrate formed per minute by the two kidneys called? | Glomerular filtration rate |
| Blood hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid ______ the blood and ______ the capsular space. | out of, into |
| If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too rapidly. Urine output will increase and electrolyte depletion may occur. | High |
| What is the overall pressure found at the glomerulus that determines the amount of filtration called? | Net filtration pressure |
| Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what? | Glomerular capillaries |
| How can hypertension damage the glomerular capillaries? | It can scar them. |
| Which variables affect the filtration coefficient? | Permeability of the filtration membrane & The surface area available for filtration |
| A DECREASED GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume. | decreased, increased |
| If the glomerular filtration rate is too ______, fluid flows through the renal tubules too slowly, urine output will decrease, and azotemia may occur. | low |
| The ability of the nephrons to adjust their own blood flow and GFR without nervous or hormonal control is called renal ______. | autoregulation |
| Contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle when it is stretched allows adjustment of afferent arteriolar diameter with changes in blood pressure. This is the basis for the ______ mechanism of renal autoregulation. | myogenic |
| The mechanism by which the glomerulus receives feedback on the status of downstream tubular fluid is called ___________ feedback | Tubuloglomerular |
| An INCREASED GFR results in a(n) ______ urine volume and ______ blood volume. | increased, decreased |
| What are the three components of the juxtaglomular apparatus? | Juxtaglomerular cells, Macula densa, Mesangial cells |
| What is the result of renal autoregulation? | The GFR is held steady regardless of changes in the mean arterial pressure. |
| Juxtaglomerular cells; | Dilate/constrict arterioles; release renin |
| Mesangial cells | Dilate/constrict glomerular capillariesDilate/constrict glomerular capillaries |
| Macula densa | Monitor tubular fluid |
| The myogenic mechanism maintains glomerular blood flow, and therefore GFR, by relaxing or constricting which structure? | Afferent arteriole |
| Sympathetic innervation of the renal blood vessels ______ glomerular filtration rate. | decreases |
| Within the renal corpuscle, the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is a pressure drawing fluid into what? | Glomerular capillaries |
| When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following? | renin |
| The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism of GFR regulation relies on the monitoring of tubular fluid by a renal structure called the_________ apparatus. | juxtaglomerular |
| Mesangial cells are cells; | between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries |
| Juxtaglomerular cells are smooth | muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole |
| Macula densa cells are; | Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop |
| Within the juxtaglomerular apparatus,which cells are smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole? | Granular cells |
| The ______ nervous system causes vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles, reducing glomerular blood flow and the GFR. | sympathetic |
| Plasma angiotensin II levels would be higher when mean arterial blood pressure is ______. | decreased |
| The enzyme ______ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. | renin |
| What activates the renin-angiotensin mechanism? | Decreased blood pressure |
| The most abundant cation in the glomerular filtrate is ______. | sodium |
| Which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system? | Increased release of ADH->Increased secretion of aldosterone->Stimulated thirst |
| Constriction of the efferent arteriole by angiotensin II lowers blood pressure in the ______ capillaries and enhances the reabsorption of sodium and water. | peritubular |
| Production of angiotensin II is important in the response to a(n) ______ in the mean arterial blood pressure. | decrease |
| Angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of which hormone from the adrenal cortex? | Aldosterone |
| How does activation of the renin-angiotensin mechanism affect blood pressure? | It increases the BP. |
| Which structures increase the absorptive area of proximal convoluted tubule cells? | Microvilli |
| The osmotic and electrical gradients that drive the reabsorption of water and solutes is created by reabsorption of the solute ______. | sodium |
| In the kidney, the process by which fluid and solutes from the tubular fluid are reclaimed and returned to the blood is called tubular ______. | reabsorption |
| Which result from activation of the renin-angiotensin system? | Increased blood pressure->Vasoconstriction ->Increased water retention |
| Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction of which of the following? | Efferent arterioles and those throughout the body |
| Angiotensin II stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete _______________ hormone. | Antidiuretic |
| Which region of the nephron is adapted for reabsorption, as seen in its length and prominent microvilli? | Proximal convoluted tubule |
| What are the leaky junctions between epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule that allow water to move through called? | Tight junctions |
| In the kidney, tubular reabsorption refers to the movement of fluid and solutes where? | From the tubular fluid into the blood |
| An antiport transports sodium into the cells of the PCT while pumping hydrogen ions out. What hormone activates this transport? | Angiotensin II |
| Glucose is cotransported with sodium by the sodium-glucose transporter and then removed from the basolateral surface of the cell and into the blood by which process? | Facilitated diffusion |
| During reabsorption from the PCT, water can carry dissolved substances by which process? | Solvent drag |
| Regarding nitrogenous wastes, the PCT reabsorbs most of the ______, but none of the ______. | uric acid, creatinine |
| Where does most tubular reabsorption take place? | In the proximal convoluted tubule |
| Water is reabsorbed through specialized water channels called ______. | aquaporins |
| Sodium is transported into the cells of the PCT by a protein that simultaneously moves it and another solute in the same direction. This type of transport protein is called a(n) ______. | symport |
| What are the mechanisms of peritubular capillary absorption? | Osmosis and solvent drag |
| T/F : Normally very little glucose is reabsorbed from the tubular fluid and is therefore lost in the urine. | F |
| Fluid and solutes reabsorbed in the PCT are picked up by which capillary bed? | Peritubular capillaries |
| The nephron reabsorbs how much urea from the tubular fluid? | About half |
| When the transporters within the proximal convoluted tubule are saturated and no additional solute can be reabsorbed,which of the following has been reached? | Transport maximum |
| The PCT reabsorbs water at a constant rate known as what? | Obligatory water reabsorption |
| What is tubular secretion? | The movement of water and solutes from the blood into the tubular fluid |
| The accumulation of reabsorbed fluid on the basal side of the epithelial cells creates a high tissue fluid pressure that drives water ______ the peritubular capillaries. | into |
| The kidneys help regulate acid-base balance through the tubular secretion of which molecules? | Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions |
| The capillaries pick up fluid and solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule. | pertitubular |
| Which solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop? | Sodium ions, Potassium ions, Chloride |
| Which defines the transport maximum? | It is the upper limit of the rate solute can be reabsorbed. |
| Aspirin, penicillin, and other drugs are cleared from the blood via the kidneys by which of the following processes? | Tubular secretion |
| What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct? | The reabsorption of water and salts |
| Aldosterone increases reabsorption of the electrolyte __________ while increasing secretion of the electrolyte _______________ | Sodium, Potassium |
| Which wastes are removed from the blood by tubular secretion? | Ammonia, bile acids, urea |
| Which is an effect of atrial natriuretic peptide? | Decreased sodium reabsorption |
| The primary function of the nephron loop is to generate a medullary ECF osmotic gradient that allows for what? | The concentration of urine |
| Which hormones regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct? | Natriuretic peptides, Aldosterone, Antidiuretic hormone |
| The hormone _______ causes increased reabsorption of sodium (and the water that follows) and secretion of potassium from the later segments of the renal tubule. | aldosterone |
| The hormone that makes the collecting duct more permeable to water, thus increasing its reabsorption, is _ | ADH |
| Which leads to an increased secretion of natriuretic peptides? | Increased blood pressure |
| What is the action of parathyroid hormone on the kidneys? | It decreases phosphate reabsorption and increases calcium reabsorption. |
| What is the role of the collecting ducts? | To adjust the concentration of urine |
| Antidiuretic hormone increases water permeability of the collecting ducts by altering the number and location of membrane proteins called ______. | aquaporins |
| Antidiuretic hormone is secreted in response to _____. | dehydration |
| Which segment of the renal tubule acts as a countercurrent multiplier? | Nephron loop |
| Parathyroid hormone acts on the proximal convoluted tubule to inhibit ______ reabsorption and on the distal convoluted tubule to increase ______ reabsorption. | phosphate, calcium |
| What is the importance of the medullary ECF osmolarity gradient? | It allows the production of very concentrated urine. |
| Hormones can alter the amount of water reabsorbed during urine production, allowing the production of either concentrated or dilute urine. This is the role of the _______________duct. | collecting |
| As fluid flows down the water-permeable descending limb of the nephron loop, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is ______. | increasing |
| How does antidiuretic hormone affect the permeability of the collecting ducts to water? | It increases their permeability. |
| What is the source of the salts that contribute to the high osmolarity of the medullary ECF? | The active transport of Na+, K+, and Cl- from the ascending limb of nephron loop |
| The _____________ within the medulla of the kidney acts as a countercurrent exchanger. | vasa recta |
| The __________ loop of the nephron acts as a countercurrent multiplier. | nephron |
| The osmolarity of the ECF deep in the renal medulla is ______ than that of the ECF of the renal cortex. | higher |
| The color of urine is due to the presence of a pigment called ______, produced during the breakdown of hemoglobin. | urochrome |
| How does the ascending limb of the nephron loop shift sodium, potassium, and chloride into the ECF? | Active transport |
| Fluid intake, diabetes, and some medications can increase urine output, a condition called diuresis or | polyuria |
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