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Mod. 7 - Kreb's Cyc.
Biochemistry Module 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a scientist uses the term "flux" regarding a biochemical pathway. What does flux mean | flux is the rate of flow through a biochemical pathway |
| a particular pathway breads down proteins into amino acids. is this an anabolic or a catabolic pathway? | catabolic. this is degradation of a molecule |
| what specific atom of CoA connected to? | Sulphur |
| what nucleotide base is part of CoA | adenine |
| what pathway does acetyl-CoA go into | Citric Acid Cycle |
| What is the "ETC" and what happens there | the Electron Transport chain. NADH is converted to ATP in the ETC |
| What sign is delta-G (+ or-) for the breakdown of ATP of ADP? why is the sign important? | (-). A negative means spontaneous, or favorable, and is able to power other processes |
| draw an ADP molecule | see drawing |
| draw a FADH2 molecule | see drawing |
| draw a ATP molecule | see drawing |
| draw a CoA molecule | see drawing |
| what are the two phases of glycolysis? How many reactions in each | The preparatory phase and payoff phase. Five reactions in each |
| How many ATPS are invested in glycolysis | there are TWO (2) ATP's invested in glycolysis |
| How many reactions of glycolysis have a single arrow in their reaction equation | there are THREE (3) |
| What is the net number of ATP gained from glycolysis | 2 (2 invested, 4 gained, of a net of 2) |
| what is the fate of pyruvate produced in glycolysis under anaerobic conditions | it goes through lactate or sometimes ethanol or other products to regenerate NAD+ |
| what is the fate of pyruvate produced in glycolysis under aerobic conditions | it proceeds to the Kreb's Cycle |
| for one molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, how many ATP or NADH are produced/required in the transition to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate step in glycolysis? - 1 NADH required - 1 NADH produced - 2 ATP produced - 1 ATP required - None of the above | 1 NADH produced |
| In (A), phosphate from (B) is transferred to ADP and yields ATP . | (A) reaction 7 (B) 1,3-biphosphglycerate |
| in (C), phosphate from ATP is transferred to (D) forming ADP. | (C) Reaction 3 (D) Fructose-6-Phosphate |
| How many steps are found in the CAC | Eight |
| How much ATP is produced per NADH molecule after oxidative phosphorylation? | 2.5 ATP |
| How much ATP is produced per FADH2 molecule after oxidative phosphorylation? | 1.5 ATP |
| How many CO2 are lost per each turn of CAC | there are two molecules of CO2 lost per turn of the CAC |
| how many of the steps of the CAC are equilibrium reactions | FIVE (5) |
| what reaction is catalyzed by PDH? | convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA |
| what compound is the 5 carbon molecule in the citric acid cycle | alpha-Ketoglutarate |
| identify all the four-carbon compounds found in the citric acid cycle | 1) Succinate 2) Furmerate 3) Malate 4) oxaloacetate |
| How many GTP molecules are produced per turn of this cycle | one GTP molecule |
| Which reaction steps of the citric acid cycle have equilibrium reactions | 2,5,6,7,8 |
| where in the cell does the beta-oxidation pathway occur | in the mitochondrial matrix |
| how many steps are in the beta-oxidation pathway | four reactions steps |
| How many FADH2 and NADH molecules are produced per round of β-oxidation? | one FADH2 and one NADH |
| which number is alpha and which is the beta | 2 is alpha and 3 is beta |
| Can β-oxidation occur with odd-numbered fatty acids? Can β-oxidation occur with fatty chains containing double bonds? Explain your answer in at least three complete sentences. | yes to both questions. double bonds and odd-numbered chains present a structural problem and additional steps are needed for each. but molecules are degraded with energy recovered |
| what does bioenergetics study | - how nutrients provide energy for organisms - molecules that provide energy - the reactions these molecules go through - processes that permit energy exchange to occur |
| what is cellular metabolism | all the reactions in a cell that permit life to persist |
| name the two types of reactions that occur in cellular metabolism | anabolic and catabolic |
| what are anabolic reactions | reactions that build/make larger molecules from smaller ones |
| what are catabolic reactions | reactions that breakdown biomolecules into smaller ones |
| to use nutrient molecules for energy in the cells. Biomolecules ......... | must be absorbed and waste must be discarded |
| energy flows through ______________ | pathways |
| what are metabolic pathways | a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions that convert starting materials into products |
| if metabolic pathways were uncontolled, what would happen | all stored energy would be used up |
| medical application for monitoring glucose metabolic pathway | helps determine determine medical condition changes regarding glucose processing |
| (only carbs/only fat/both carbs and fat) eventually become acetyl-CoA | BOTH CARBS and FATS eventually become acetyl-CoA |
| what does NADH stand for | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide |
| describe CoA | a large coenzyme containing ribose and adenine |
| what is NADH | it is a shuttle for protons in the ETC, it helps generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation, |
| ATP is generated in the (inner/outer) membrane of the mitochondria | ATP is generated in the INNER membrane of the mitochondria |
| the cell's primary source of energy is | ATP |
| what is the function of ATP in the cytosol | powers reactions that are not spontaneous or favorable |
| describe the outer membrane of the mitochondria | porous and allows molecules to move freely across the membrane |
| describe the inner membrane of the mitochondria | -impermeable to most substances -ATP, ADP, and pyruvate can freely pass through using transport proteins |
| what are transporters | proteins that move only one molecule/type of molecule across the inner membrane of mitochondria |
| why are transporters are important | transporters allow for ATP production in the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| describe FADH2 | - similar to NADH - like NADH, shuttles to the ETC to Generate ATP - permitted to interact with different protiens |
| before glucose can go through the Kreb's Cycle, it must first go through ________________________ | glycolysis |
| there are _______________________steps in the glycolysis pathway | there are TEN (10) steps in the glycolysis pathway. |
| what is glycolysis | the process of breaking down glucose (or any other hexose (6-carbon sugar) into two 3-carbon sugars (pyruvate) |
| glycolysis produces energy in the form of | ATP and NADH |
| where does glycolysis occur | in the cytosol of the cell |
| all the substances involved in glycolysis (are/are not) water soluble | all the substances in glycolysis ARE water soluble |
| describe the preparatory phase of glycolysis | - reactions 1 through 5 - energy is invested into this phase - glucose is cleaved in half |
| describe the payoff phase of glycolysis | - reactions 6 thru 10 - energy is recovered as NADH and ATP - two pyruvate molecules are produced |
| In glycolysis, one glucose molecule and two ATP molecules go into the cycle, what does the cycle yeild | -2 pyruvate molecules - 2 NADH molecules - 4 ATP molecules |
| what is the net energy yield of glycolysis | 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
| after glycolysis, the two pyruvate molecules can go into one of two routes. One route requires oxygen and is called the Kerb's Cycle. The other... | is in the absence of oxygen (oxygen deprived) and is called fermentation |
| the fermentation process is also known for other processes in our daily life. name some of these processes | - pickling - soy sauce - sauerkraut - yogurt |
| in the presence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes the Kerb's Cycle and produces which substances | carbon dioxide, water, and energy |
| what is cellular respiration | the process by which a cell takes oxygen and uses it to produce carbon dioxide and energy |
| what is oxidative phosphorylation | a 3- step process that extracts energy from molecules to yield ATP |
| what is pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) | a supramolecular complex that transforms pyruvate to acetyl-CoA |
| in order to go into the citric acid cycle, what must happen to pyruvate first | pyruvate must become acetyl-CoA prior to entering into the Kreb's Cycle |
| about how many enzymes and coenzymes are in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | 3 enzymes and 5 coenzymes |
| other than converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, what are some other functions of PDH | regulating the oxidative phosphorylation reactions, limiting any unnecessary production of acetyl-CoA |
| there are two other names for the Citric Acid Cylce (CAC), what are they | - Kerb's Cycle - Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) |
| how many reactions are in the citric acid cycle | 8 reactions |
| what are the energy molecules that they CAC yields | NADH, FADH2, and GTP |
| how many molecules of carbon dioxide are lost with each turn of the CAC | two CO2 molecules are lost with each turn of the CAC |
| what does it mean when we say one turn of the CAC cycle | one acetyl group goes through all 8 steps of the CAC |
| what is the purpose of the Citric acid cycle | to permit cells to convert food to storable/usable energy |
| the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA yields what type of energy | 2 NADH yielded from conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA |
| for one acetyl-CoA, what energy is produced | for one acetyl-Coa: - 1 GTP -3 NADH - 1 FADH2 |
| for one glucose molecule, what energy is produced from the CAC | for one glucose molecule, the CAC yields: -2 GTP -6 NADH -2 FADH2 |
| for one glucose molecule, how much energy is yielded from glycolysis and the CAC combined | - 4 ATP/GTP -10 NADH -2 FADH2 |
| for one glucose molecule, how much ATP is generated (this would include glycolysis, CAC, and oxidation phosphorylation) | 32 |
| in an organism, how is extra glucose stored | either as starch or as glycogen |
| what is the name of the process that converts fatty acids to acetyl-CoA | beta-oxidation pathway |
| why is it called the beta-oxidation pathway | because the beta-carbon is vital, as it is the one that gets oxidized before the chain is broken |
| in the beta-oxidation pathway. where is the the carbon chain broken | between the alpha and beta carbon |
| where does the beta-oxidation pathway occur | beta-oxidation occurs in the cytosol |
| how many steps are in the beta-oxidation pathway | there are 4 steps in the beta-oxidation pathway |
| what is the beta-spiral | the fatty acid undergoes additional rounds of beta-oxidation pathway to create acetyl-CoA |
| in one (14-carbon) chain of fatty acids about how many ATP are created from Beta-oxidation pathway and CAC combined | 94 ATP per 1 (14-carbon) chain |
| for a 14 carbon chain, how many rounds of beta-oxidation is in one beta-spiral | 6 rounds of beta-oxidation |
| 1 beta-spiral of a 14-carbon fatty acid produces how much energy molecules | 1 beta-spiral of a 14-carbon fatty acid produces: - 6 FADH2 - 6 NADH - 7 acetyl-CoA |
| from the 7 acetyl-CoA produced from 1 beta-spiral, how much energy is generated by these 7 acetyl-CoA | - 21 NADH - 7 FADH2 -7 GTP |
| what is VLCAD | - very-long chain acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase - chains from 12-18 carbon length |
| what is MCAD | - medium chain acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase - 4-14 carbon length |
| what is SCAD | - short-chain acetyl-CoA dehydrogenase - 4-8 carbon length |
| describe the consequences of mutations on the anyone of the VLCAD, MCAD, or SCAD | the consequences will be severe, most common is vomiting, lethargy, and decreased blood sugar. There is an increased risk of seizures, coma and sudden death. |
| of the three enzymes, which is most likely to have a mutation? and in which populations does this most likely occur | the MCAD is the most likely enzyme to have a mutation. and it is found mostly in US and European populations |
| how are VLCAD, MCAD, or SCAD mutations managed | with an early diagnosis/detection and diet management. the prognosis can be good |
| show all 10 steps of glycolysis. describe all of the following - draw/show the beginning and ending molecule - identify the name of the enzyme in this step - (if available) show the delta G - write down byproducts and other important factors | see drawing |
| Show all 8 steps of the CAC. describe all of the following - draw/show the beginning and ending molecule - identify the name of the enzyme in this step - (if available) show the delta G - write down byproducts and other important factors | see drawing |
| show all 4 steps of beta-oxidation. describe all of the following - draw/show the beginning and ending molecule - identify the name of the enzyme in this step - (if available) show the delta G - write down byproducts and other important factors | see drawing |
Created by:
kandriot
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