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AP Biology Vocab
Macromolecules
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| hydrophilic | water loving |
| hydrophobic | water fearing |
| atoms | building blocks of matters |
| bonding | when two nuclei attract the same electrons |
| ionic bond | transfer of electrons, the one that gains and electron, anion (-) |
| covalent bond | electrons are shared by two atoms, results in a molecules |
| electronegativity | is a measure of how strongly atoms attract bonding electrons to themselves |
| non-polar molecules | balanced and symmetrical due to equal sharing of electrons, created non-charged molecules |
| polar | unbalanced due to unequal sharing electrons thus it confers a partial charge to the molecule |
| ions | charged particles resulting from the giving or taking of electrons |
| hydrogen bonding | between partial positive hydrogen and partial negative oxygen of adjacent molecule |
| lipids | do not form true polymers; are hydrophobic because they consist of hydrocarbons |
| Glycerol | a 3-carbon alcohol with a hydroxl group attached to each carbon |
| unsaturated fatty acid | have one or more double bonds |
| hydrocarbons | are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
| functional groups | are the chemical groups that affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reactions |
| seven functional groups | ▪ Hydroxyl group -OH ▪ Carbonyl group >C=O ▪ Carboxyl group -COOH ▪ Amino group -NH2 ▪ Sulfhydryl group -SH ▪ Phosphate group -OPO3-2 ▪ Methyl group -CH3 |
| polymer | is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks |
| monomers | small building-block molecules |
| dehydration reaction | occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule |
| hydrolysis | a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction |
| carbohydrates | include sugars and the polymers of sugars |
| monosaccharides | have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH20; glucose is the most common monosaccharide |
| disaccharide | is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides; this covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage |
| polysaccharides, | the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles; the structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of glycosidic linkages |
| starch, aka amylose | an energy storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers |
| glycogen | is a (short term energy) storage polysaccharide in animals |
| cellulose | is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells ▪ Like starch and glycogen, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, but the glycosidic linkages in cellulose differ ▪ The difference is based on two ring forms for glucose |
| chitin | another structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods ▪ Chitin also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi ▪ Polysaccharide Summary: Starch-storage in plants Glycogen- storage in animals Cellulose- struc |
| phospholipid, | two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol |
| two types of nucleic acids | Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| nucleic acids | are polymers called polynucleotides; each polynucleotide is made of monomers called nucleotides |
| pyrimidines | include cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) – single ring |
| purines | include adenine (A) and guanine (G) – double ring |
| antiparallel | the two backbones run in opposite 5'→ 3' directions from each other, an arrangement |
| double helix | DNA molecules have two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis |
| protein functions | defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and structural support |
| polypeptides | are unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids |
| protein | is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides |
| amino acids | are organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups |
| four levels of protein structure | ▪ Proteins are very diverse, but have three levels of structure called primary, secondary, and tertiary structure ▪ A fourth level, quaternary structure, arises when a protein consists of two or more polypeptide chain |
| primary structure | primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids, held by peptide bonds between amino acids |
| secondary structure | found in most proteins, consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain, due to hydrogen bonds |
| tertiary structure | is the 3-D globular form determined by interactions among various side chains (R groups), held by various bonds, Hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, van der Waal interactions, hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonds |
| quaternary structure | results from interactions between multiple polypeptide chains, due to all the same bonds seen in the tertiary structure. |
| chaperonins | are protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins |
| denaturation | loss of a protein’s native structure |
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